Cell Reproduction and Differentiation

Question 1

This is crucial because without it, we would have remained unicellular.

Answer 1

cell reproduction

Question 2

Creatingmillionsofcellsisnot
enough; we can’t just keep creating. Differentiation is key. We assign them distinct purposes, functions, and roles.

Answer 2

cell differentiation

Question 3

cell division = reproduction

Answer 3

unicellular organisms

Question 3

Like us, they undergo cell division, PMAT, and have the ability to reproduce. When they divide to become another cell, it is a form of reproduction. The initial cell, upon giving birth, generates additional cells, leading to an increase in population.

Answer 3

unicellular organisms

Question 4

cell division = development

Answer 4

multicellular organisms

Question 4

As we age, our internal structures evolve into increasingly complex forms.

Answer 4

development

Question 4

Every time our cells divide, it
involves growth, which can manifest in literal size.
★ Fertilized cell -> Baby

Answer 4

growth

Question 5

Our bodies have the ability to self repair because of cell division.

Answer 5

regeneration

Question 6

two phases of cell cycle

Answer 6

interphase and mitotic phase

Question 7

→ Primary period of cell growth
→ The cells are starting to create the organelles
→ “Organelle Factory”
→ Here, we are developing our
mitochondria, chromosomes, nuclear membranes, and many more. The major organelles are created here.

Answer 7

G1phase

Question 7

• “In between cell division”
• Long growth period between cell
  divisions
• Long portion of the Cell Cycle
• A lot of people say that everything
  here is at rest but that is not correct. It is actually preparing for the main event which is the M Phase.

Answer 7

interphase

Question 8

→ DNA is duplicated
→ Growth continues slowly
→ Creating the genetic material that could mean DNA and RNA
→ Central Dogma happens here
→ A composition of a cell is simply organelles inside then on the middle is the nucleus and inside that nucleus are the genetic material. So the G1 and S Phase are both equally important phases.

Answer 8

S phase

Question 8

→ Cell prepares for division
→ Chromatin condenses into
chromosomes
→ Growth continues slowly
→ Preparing for the next step
→ Double checking the organelles
and genetic material because for the preparation for M Phase
→ Everything entering the M Phase needs to be perfect already.

Answer 8

G2 phase

Question 9

Inside our bodies, there are cells that decode signals to cease reproduction; they become non-dividing. These cells retain the characteristics you have at a certain age until the day you die. If they get damaged, repairing them becomes nearly impossible.

Answer 9

G0

Question 10

→ are cells that can be found in the bones
→ At some point in our life, our bones stop growing.

Answer 10

osteocytes

Question 11

→ Permanent
→ At some point in our lifetime, our neurons stop reproducing. This will cause conditions related to memory and impaired brain function.

Answer 11

neurons (nervous system)

Question 11

→ Temporary
→ These are for boys and this only
activates at a certain period of their life to generate sperm cells.

Answer 11

spermatocytes

Question 12

→ Temporary
→ These are for girls that are
temporarily G0 and only activate when they experience menstruation.

Answer 12

oocytes

Question 13

How long does the M phase take?

Answer 13

less than an hour

Question 14

how long does g1 take?

Answer 14

5-6 hours

Question 15

how long does s phase take?

Answer 15

10-12 hours

Question 16

how long does g2 take?

Answer 16

4-6 hours

Question 17

in human cells, complete cell cycle takes how long?

Answer 17

18-24 hours

Question 18

• Not all cells divide at the same rate
• Internal surveillance and control
  mechanism
• Several key checkpoints where “go
  ahead” signals must be received in order for the cycle to progress to the next phase
• Outside influences can modify cell cycle
• Hormones, growth factors,
  presence of other cells
• These are for checking, controlling,
  and regulating the different
  processes
• Located in between the phases

Answer 18

cell regulation

Question 19

it checks the organelles

Answer 19

g1 checkpoint

Question 20

it checks the genetic material

Answer 20

s checkpoint

Question 20

it double checks the double checker to ensure that everything is perfect to produce a perfect and healthy cell

Answer 20

g2 checkpoint

Question 21

the cell examines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

Answer 21

M checkpoint

Question 21

this is continually being formed from deep layers of cells. the outermost layer of dead cell is constantly being sloughed off

Answer 21

skin cells

Question 22

___ lining the inner surfaces of body organs such as the digestive tract and the lungs are exposed to frequent damage and must be replaced

Answer 22

epithelial cells

Question 23

stems cells in the _____ produce red blood cells and white blood cells throughout life. WBC production can be increased as part of the immune response

Answer 23

bone marrow cells

Question 24

_____ divide to produce sperm throughout life in the adult male. the rate declines with age.

Answer 24

spermatogonia (after puberty)

Question 25

____ dont normally divide in adulthood but will do if part of the ____ is cut off

Answer 25

liver cells

Question 26

although there are exceptions, most human ____ apparently do not divide in adulthood

Answer 26

nerve cells

Question 26

called granulosa cells, they are quiescent for most of adult life. they begin to divide as the follicle matures

Answer 26

epithelial cells surrounding the egg

Question 27

mature bone cells called ___ become trapped within the hard crystalline matrix of the bone

Answer 27

osteocytes

Question 28

the commonly held view is that most ____ do not divide in adulthood, or divide very slowly

Answer 28

muscle cells

Question 29

- Cell Division - PMAT happens here - Small portion of the Cell Cycle - Main Event

Answer 29

mitotic phase / m phase

Question 29

→ Cytoplasm division → two daughter cells are formed

Answer 29

Cytokinesis

Question 29

Nuclear division, duplicated DNA distributed to daughter cells

Answer 29

mitosis / meiosis

Question 30

→ Generates haploid cells(1n), one set of chromosomes per cell only → Involve and is exclusively sex cells ★ Gametes: sperm, egg, spores → Requires two cell division → 4 Daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells → For producing gametes or spores, first step of reproductive process in sexually reproducing organisms

Answer 30

meiosis

Question 31

Diploid cell to 2 haploid cells, crossover

Answer 31

meiosis I

Question 32

2 haploid cells to 4 haploid cells

Answer 32

Meiosis II

Question 33

→ Generates new diploid cells (2n), two sets of chromosomes from parent cells → Asexual reproduction → Nuclear division (mitosis) followed by cytoplasmic decision (cytokinesis) → 2 Daughter cells offspring are generally identical to the parent cell → For reproduction : single-celled organisms - binary fission → For cell growth: repair → These are somatic cells or our body cells. All body cells go through mitosis except for two: egg cells and sperm cells. ★ Neurons ★ Livercells ★ Cells of the uterus ★ Cellsofthetestis

Answer 33

mitosis

Question 34

2 strands

Answer 34

Diploid

Question 35

1 strand

Answer 35

haploid

Question 36

- Singular but not looking for a pair - Not moving

Answer 36

chromatin

Question 36

- Single but becoming closer to your pair - Not yet connected - Unattached but had started to move already

Answer 36

chromatid

Question 37

Already bound on the middle

Answer 37

chromosome

Question 38

- Chromatin condenses into visible chromatids - Nuclear envelope disappears - Mitotic spindle formed

Answer 38

prophase

Question 39

sister chromatids join and pair at the

Answer 39

centromere

Question 40

spindle fibers attach themselves to

Answer 40

kinetochores

Question 41

____ perform the pulling action, directing some chromosomes to cell 1 and cell 2

Answer 41

spindle fibers

Question 42

- structures resembling stars - consist of various components, including centrosomes and microtubules - serve as a powerful mechanism for the pulling process. - While spindle fibers act as ropes or pullers, the true power or machinery lies within this - must travel towards the two opposite poles, ensuring an equal and balanced distribution of genetic material.

Answer 42

asters

Question 43

true or false: centromeres are only found in animal cells

Answer 43

true

Question 43

Within the centromere, proteins are present, forming a structure known as the..

Answer 43

kinetochore

Question 44

→ Nuclear envelope fragments → More condensed chromosomes → Each chromatid now has kinetochores → The microtubules attach to the kinetochores “kinetochore microtubules” → Non kinetochore microtubules interact with those of the opposite poles of the → This is the continuation of everything that happened in prophase. → Earlier, the nuclear envelope began to dissolve, and here, it continues to dissolve. Similarly, asters were traveling towards opposite poles before, and here, they are still traveling. Spindle fibers are still forming.

Answer 44

prometaphase

Question 45

- Duplicate chromosomes from a single lines at the equator between centriole poles a “metaphase plate” - Centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell - One of the longest phases - this is the lining up in the middle

Answer 45

metaphase

Question 46

This phase is the longest because it takes a significant amount of time to form a complete centromere.

Answer 46

metaphase

Question 46

→ Sister chromatids separate (disjunction) → Daughter chromosomes are pulled towards poles by microtubules → Cell elongates as nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen → Shortest stage → This is known as separation or disjunction. This is the shortest stage because it is easy to separate, especially considering the fact that there are forces pulling them. Asters are the ones that pull them, and spindle fibers are used for pulling them.

Answer 46

anaphase

Question 47

indicates that they have been separated for a while or are already in the process of separating.

Answer 47

late anaphase

Question 47

chromosomes have just separated

Answer 47

early anaphase

Question 47

→ Reverse of prophase → Daughter nuclei forms ■ Nuclear membrane reforms ■ Nucleoli reappear → Mitotic spindle disintegrates → Chromosomes start to uncoil and revert to chromatin → Cleavage furrow forms → The nuclear envelope will reform again. This means that our nucleus will become well-defined. One nucleus for Cell 1 and another for Cell 2. Spindle fibers will disappear because their job is done. Asters will deactivate; they won't travel anymore, pull, or exert power. They will be at rest. → The main goal is for chromosomes to become chromatids and eventually return to the chromatin state.

Answer 47

telophase

Question 48

Official separating creating two identical daughter cells

Answer 48

cytokinesis

Question 48

Can be found inside the asters

Answer 48

centrosome

Question 48

It is the one found in the middle that makes it official. It is in the center; it is the one that binds the two strands together.

Answer 48

Centromere