Central Dogma Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
carries the instructions necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of cells and organisms.
A
Genetic material
1
Q
central dogma has 3 steps
A
replication, transcription, translation
2
Q
essential for the creation of genetic material and the expression of genetic information, making them fundamental to the functioning of all living organisms.
A
central dogma
2
Q
the entirety of all our genetic material
A
genome
3
Q
In this project, for the first time, they were able to establish and read the sequences in an entire human person. It was a significant time because the results allowed the patient to know a lot of important information about the patient like ethnicity, possible genetic conditions (possible because the gene may not be expressed).
A
Human genome project
4
Q
The most organized system that our bodies have designed to organize our DNA is called
A
chromosome
5
Q
chromo means
A
colored
6
Q
soma means
A
body
7
Q
It is called a colored body because, when scientists looked at cells under the microscope, the only visible structures were the colored strands of chromosomes.
A
chromosomes
8
Q
how many chromosomes does a human have
A
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
9
Q
first 22 pairs of our chromosomes
A
autosomes
10
Q
last pair of our chromosomes
A
allosome
11
Q
smallest structure of chromosomes
A
DNA strand
12
Q
→ The proteins that always clump together are called…
A
histones
13
Q
these are responsible for coiling our DNA strands. They bind to the DNA and help organize it into a compact structure within the nucleus of a cell
A
histones
14
Q
After coiling around histones, the DNA forms larger coils, eventually organizing into structures known as
A
chromatin
15
Q
short arm
A
p arm
16
Q
long arm
A
q arm
17
Q
the binding structure in the middle of a chromosome, but it is not literally in the center
A
centromere
18
Q
protection of the ends of the chromosome arms
A
telomere
19
Q
When the telomere gets damaged and the chromosome arm starts to be deleted.
A
deletion
20
Q
female allosome
A
XX (long-long arms)
21
Q
male allosome
A
XY (long-short
22
Q
They will examine your nucleus and analyze your chromosomes, laying them out. It is an imaging procedure that shows images. You’ll observe the physical characteristics, such as the parallelism of the genes, if they are aligned, the size to see if the pairs are of the same size, and the number of chromosomes, as there might be instances of trisomy and monosomy.
A
Karyotype
23
karyo means
nucleus
24
Mismatch in size of the pairs is only acceptable for the
23rd pair
25
how many chromosome pairs does a dog have
39 pairs
26
how many pairs does a human have
23 pairs
27
how many pairs does rice have
12 pairs
28
how many pairs does a fruit fly have?
4 pairs
29
Replication of DNA
replication
30
DNA to RNA
transcription
31
RNA to proteins
translation
32
It doesn't have something to do in making (central dogma) what we are but it is simply a biomolecule that is important as well
proteins
33
These processes make
things more efficient. It's not just about speed, but also about reducing stress on the body. It's about completing tasks quickly and minimizing fatigue.
enzymes
34
proteins that help us transport
transport proteins
35
Specific sequences, areas, and points are supposed to align with each other. They align because they belong to the same category.
genes
36
Inside genes are long DNA strands consisting of nucleotides. The order of nucleotides in a gene determines the code for a specific polypeptide chain.
nucleotide sequences
37
It is called this translation because RNA
and proteins have their own language. For example, RNA's language is composed of nucleotide sequences such as GCU. When you translate this sequence into the language of proteins, it corresponds to the amino acid alanine.
translation
38
are the monomers of
nucleic acids.
nucleotides
39
purines
adenine and guanine
40
pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine
41
these have two fused aromatic rings
purines
42
these have single aromatic rings
pyrimidines
43
adenine and thymine pair via
two hydrogen bonds
44
cytosine and guanine pair via
three hydrogen bonds
45
- refers to a sugar molecule
Refers to a sugar molecule
with five carbons.
pentose sugar
46
parent strand
existing strand
blueprint
template strand
46
Goal: Replicate, reproduce, duplicate, and recreate
- Parent DNA unzips in order to create new daughter DNA
- To generate additional DNA strands from existing ones, we do so with the intention that some may remain within our bodies to act as blueprints, while others will undergo transcription to produce RNA and synthesize proteins.
dan replication
47
→ Each DNA is half-old and half-new.
→ First strand is from original parent
DNA, Second strand is freshly assembled
semiconservative replication
47
daughter strand
newly synthesized strand from the parent strand
complementary strand
48
→ Substitution
→ deletion/insertion
→ play a crucial role in correcting various types of mutations, including substitutions and deletions/insertions. Mutations of these kinds can lead to potential changes in the physical makeup of an organism.
DNA repair enzymes
49
Errors are normal and natural, as our bodies can naturally repair them with the help of DNA repair enzymes. However, when errors eventually accumulate excessively, it no longer makes sense. In minimal quantities, it's acceptable because you can still make sense of it, but if the errors become more numerous, it can be dangerous
gene mutations
50
Responsible for straightening the strand
topoisomerase
51
unzipping enzyme
→ is the key player in replication,
constituting the main event by breaking the hydrogen bonds formed by the nitrogenous bases. Its movement follows the path set by the topoisomerase.
helicase
52
→ It's like a fork because it's shaped like the letter "Y."
→ These are the freshly separated strands.
Replication fork
53
This is to prevent the strands from recombining, and this separation is permanent.
single stranded binding proteins
54
→ 3’to5’
→ continuous
→ This strand is synthesized
continuously from the 3' to 5'
direction.
leading strand
55
→ 5’to3’
→ discontinuous
lagging strand
56
→ building enzyme
→ responsible for constructing the
complementary partner strand.
→ It always follows the movement
from 3’ to 5’ and starts in the lowest position, moving to higher positions, and then reverses direction, moving from higher to lower positions.
DNA polymerase
57
→ starting enzyme
→ The starting enzyme and starting point in DNA replication are established by an enzyme called DNA Primase.
primers
57
creates the starting point or Primer
DNA primase
58
The middle region between two primers forms a gap due to the freshly separated strands.
→ This gap is filled by short
synthesized fragments called.... on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
Okazaki fragments
59
→ gluing enzyme
→ It is responsible for joining or
"gluing" together the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
→ It also double-checks the freshly created strand to ensure accuracy, and if any errors are found, DNA repair enzymes are engaged to correct them.
ligase
60
→ DNA repair enzyme
→ It functions by cleaving or cutting
DNA strands, which is crucial for repairing damaged DNA or removing unwanted DNA segments during processes like DNA replication or DNA repair.
nuclease
61
- Goal: Transcribe, write out, copy
- Building rna strand from an
existing dna strand
DNA transcription
62
Body's protection against foreign elements
antibody
63
catalyzes reactions
enzymes
64
transmits signals
messenger proteins
65
structure and support for cells
structure proteins
66
binds and carries atoms and small molecule
transport/storage proteins
67
An essential enzyme involved in gene expression. it is more versatile as it encompasses all the necessary enzymatic activities required for RNA synthesis.
RNA polymerase
68
The initial step in transcription involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix by
RNA polymerase
69
RNA polymerase allows the template strand in what direction
3' to 5'
70
Serves as our blueprint where we encode the bases of our RNA strand, guiding its direction from 3’ to 5’. It acts independently and, with the assistance of RNA Polymerase, constructs the blueprint strand.
Template strand
71
It delivers the bases needed to pair with the RNA
NTP (nitrogen triphosphate)
71
This is one of the two strands of DNA that serves as a template for mRNA synthesis during transcription. It is called this because its sequence corresponds directly to the sequence of the mRNA
Coding strand
72
This portion is a combination half and half, half DNA and half RNA. This is temporary/
RNA-DNA hybrid region
73
Here, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the template strand.
Initiation
74
The promoter region consists of four bases: Thymine, Adenine, Thymine, Adenine
Initiation
75
This signifies the starting point of initiation
TATA box
76
Here, RNA polymerase performs its job of creating the RNA strand.
Elongation
77
Initiates transcription. Helicase and DNA polymerase in one.
RNA polymerase
78
This sequence emits signals indicating the end of the process of transcription
terminator
79
3 requirements before leaving the nucleus
Processing, Quality-check, Packaging
80
You must undergo processing to ensure that you are a mature and functional RNA molecule. This may involve modifications such as capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.
Processing
81
Your quality must be ensured to meet the standards for travel. This involves ensuring that you are free from errors, mutations, or any other defects that could compromise your function.
Quality-check
82
You need to be properly packaged and escorted to the exit. This involves binding with specific proteins that facilitate your transport through the nuclear pore complex and guide you safely to the ribosome.
packagning
83
→ The RNA molecules are very young, in the form of pre-mRNA.
→ This process is called maturation, where you allow yourself to mature a little bit. This involves removing unnecessary bases because not all of the codes are essential for the protein that will be produced.
Splicing
84
→ Large complex of snRNPs which assemble with pre-mRNA to
achieve
→ RNA splicing
→ It consists of a variety of proteins and several small RNAs that
recognize the splice sites.
→ This complex assists in removing unnecessary elements.
Spliceosome
85
Are removed after transcription
Introns
86
Remain after transcription
Exons
87
→ are catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can
splice RNA
→ Can be found inside the
spliceosome
Ribozymes
88
→ Any process, aside from splicing, that alters the sequence of an RNA transcript, causing it to deviate from the sequence of the DNA template and potentially resulting in specific point mutations, is known as RNA editing.
→ This process involves double-checking and proofreading errors, correcting any discrepancies that may arise.
Editing
89
Any process, aside from splicing, that alters the sequence of an RNA transcript, causing it to deviate from the sequence of the DNA template and potentially resulting in specific point mutations, is known as ___.
This process involves double-checking and proofreading errors, correcting any discrepancies that may arise.
RNA editing
90
Exports mRNA out of the nucleus. Physical protection involves adding coverings to the ends of the RNA strand to prepare it for travel. These shields protect the RNA from potential damage or degradation.
Polyadenylation
91
Cap that consists guanine
5' cap
92
Cap that consist of about 250 adenines. "Poly A tail"
3' tail
93
In the context of the central dogma, this serves as the primary template for synthesizing proteins by ribosomes. It is the central player, holding the blueprint for protein synthesis.
messenger RNA (coding mRNA)
94
Transfers specific amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation
Transfer RNA
95
A component of ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
95
96
Regulates gene activity
Micro RNA
96
Translate codons into amino acid sequence
DNA translation
97
Once the mRNA arrives at the
ribosome, it cannot simply land anywhere. ___ provides signals indicating the precise landing site for the mRNA. It guides the mRNA to the exact location where it should dock for protein synthesis to occur
rRNA signals
97
Consist of 3 letters
Codons
98
An ____ is a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule,
anticodon
99
These molecules facilitate the transfer of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain in a ribosome
tRNA
99
tRNA carries out this translation by carrying the corresponding amino acids and connecting them to the growing ______
polypeptide chain
100
Proteins known as ____
factors facilitate the entry of the large ribosomal subunit, completing the translation initiation complex. Starting point.
Initiation
101
During this stage, amino acids are added one by one to the growing
chain
Elongation
102
Arrival of TRNA carrying of amino acids. Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain
P site
103
Processing and lengthening of the polypeptide chain
A site
104
Ending point. The A site accepts the protein called release factor.
Termination
104
Exit where discharged tRNAs leaved the ribosome
E site
105
Stop codons
UAG, UAA, UGA
106
Once they are detected, the process of translation concludes
Release factor
107
These proteins are designed to function within the cytosol, the fluid-filled region of the cell. They are exclusively retained within the cell, rather than being secreted or transported elsewhere.
Free ribosomes
108
You need the assistance of
another organelle, which is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ribosomes bind to the endoplasmic reticulum because they are synthesizing proteins destined for export, rather than for organelles within the cell.
Bound ribosome
109
it will attract the ribosome so that it can bind to the endoplasmic reticulum
Signal recognition particle (SRP)
110
They not only regulate our
emotions, but also enable proper psychological functioning, influencing how we perceive and feel. Additionally, they regulate physiological activities within us, both anatomically and psychologically.
Proteins as hormones
110
These nucleic acids retain the
ability to enter the nucleus, as they are still nucleic acids. Upon entering the nucleus, they initiate the entire central dogma process, involving DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis through transcription and translation. This alteration of cellular activities consequently impacts the human form, influencing physical appearance, emotions, and psychological functioning.
Steroidal hormones
111
plays a significant role in
the changes that occur during puberty, influencing the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and muscle mass increase. These changes typically take several years to fully manifest and are not immediate.
Testosterone
112
influences both how you
feel and how you look by altering its levels. These fluctuationsinestrogen levels can lead to changes in mood, emotions, and physical appearance. It typically takes about a month for the effects of estrogen to increase or decrease significantly.
Estrogen
113
When you are stressed, increased ____ is released into your bloodstream.
Cortisol
114
A type of hormone made by the body that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Progesterone
115
Is a hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure by managing the levels of Sodium and potassium in your blood
Aldosterone
116
These are endocrine hormones that play a crucial role in regulating glucose levels and glycolysis. They help maintain blood sugar levels.
Insulin and Glucagon
117
Do not enter the nucleus but rather remain outside in the cytosol. They have a very short duration of action since their effects are primary due to activation.
Non-steroidal hormones
118
We administer _____ with the hope of introducing cells to foreign agents, aiming for the immune system to adapt and develop mechanisms to either eliminate or coexist with these invaders.
Vaccinations
119
You receive RNA strands, which are then released into the ribosomes. Here, the ribosomes convert the RNA into proteins.
Non-replicating vaccine
120
You are injected with mRNA, which is then released into the cytosol. This mRNA has the ability to self-amplify, meaning it can replicate itself to produce more mRNA.
Self amplifying vaccine
121
Starting codon
AUG
