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BIO > Central Dogma > Flashcards

Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

carries the instructions necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of cells and organisms.

A

Genetic material

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1
Q

central dogma has 3 steps

A

replication, transcription, translation

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2
Q

essential for the creation of genetic material and the expression of genetic information, making them fundamental to the functioning of all living organisms.

A

central dogma

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2
Q

the entirety of all our genetic material

A

genome

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3
Q

In this project, for the first time, they were able to establish and read the sequences in an entire human person. It was a significant time because the results allowed the patient to know a lot of important information about the patient like ethnicity, possible genetic conditions (possible because the gene may not be expressed).

A

Human genome project

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4
Q

The most organized system that our bodies have designed to organize our DNA is called

A

chromosome

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5
Q

chromo means

A

colored

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6
Q

soma means

A

body

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7
Q

It is called a colored body because, when scientists looked at cells under the microscope, the only visible structures were the colored strands of chromosomes.

A

chromosomes

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8
Q

how many chromosomes does a human have

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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9
Q

first 22 pairs of our chromosomes

A

autosomes

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10
Q

last pair of our chromosomes

A

allosome

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11
Q

smallest structure of chromosomes

A

DNA strand

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12
Q

→ The proteins that always clump together are called…

A

histones

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13
Q

these are responsible for coiling our DNA strands. They bind to the DNA and help organize it into a compact structure within the nucleus of a cell

A

histones

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14
Q

After coiling around histones, the DNA forms larger coils, eventually organizing into structures known as

A

chromatin

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15
Q

short arm

A

p arm

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16
Q

long arm

A

q arm

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17
Q

the binding structure in the middle of a chromosome, but it is not literally in the center

A

centromere

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18
Q

protection of the ends of the chromosome arms

A

telomere

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19
Q

When the telomere gets damaged and the chromosome arm starts to be deleted.

A

deletion

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20
Q

female allosome

A

XX (long-long arms)

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21
Q

male allosome

A

XY (long-short

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22
Q

They will examine your nucleus and analyze your chromosomes, laying them out. It is an imaging procedure that shows images. You’ll observe the physical characteristics, such as the parallelism of the genes, if they are aligned, the size to see if the pairs are of the same size, and the number of chromosomes, as there might be instances of trisomy and monosomy.

A

Karyotype

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23
Q

karyo means

A

nucleus

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24
Q

Mismatch in size of the pairs is only acceptable for the

A

23rd pair

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25
Q

how many chromosome pairs does a dog have

A

39 pairs

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26
Q

how many pairs does a human have

A

23 pairs

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27
Q

how many pairs does rice have

A

12 pairs

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28
Q

how many pairs does a fruit fly have?

A

4 pairs

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29
Q

Replication of DNA

A

replication

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30
Q

DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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31
Q

RNA to proteins

A

translation

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32
Q

It doesn’t have something to do in making (central dogma) what we are but it is simply a biomolecule that is important as well

A

proteins

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33
Q

These processes make
things more efficient. It’s not just about speed, but also about reducing stress on the body. It’s about completing tasks quickly and minimizing fatigue.

A

enzymes

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34
Q

proteins that help us transport

A

transport proteins

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35
Q

Specific sequences, areas, and points are supposed to align with each other. They align because they belong to the same category.

A

genes

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36
Q

Inside genes are long DNA strands consisting of nucleotides. The order of nucleotides in a gene determines the code for a specific polypeptide chain.

A

nucleotide sequences

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37
Q

It is called this translation because RNA
and proteins have their own language. For example, RNA’s language is composed of nucleotide sequences such as GCU. When you translate this sequence into the language of proteins, it corresponds to the amino acid alanine.

A

translation

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38
Q

are the monomers of
nucleic acids.

A

nucleotides

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39
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

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40
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine

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41
Q

these have two fused aromatic rings

A

purines

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42
Q

these have single aromatic rings

A

pyrimidines

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43
Q

adenine and thymine pair via

A

two hydrogen bonds

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44
Q

cytosine and guanine pair via

A

three hydrogen bonds

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45
Q
  • refers to a sugar molecule
    Refers to a sugar molecule
    with five carbons.
A

pentose sugar

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46
Q

parent strand
existing strand
blueprint

A

template strand

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46
Q

Goal: Replicate, reproduce, duplicate, and recreate
- Parent DNA unzips in order to create new daughter DNA
- To generate additional DNA strands from existing ones, we do so with the intention that some may remain within our bodies to act as blueprints, while others will undergo transcription to produce RNA and synthesize proteins.

A

dan replication

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47
Q

→ Each DNA is half-old and half-new.
→ First strand is from original parent
DNA, Second strand is freshly assembled

A

semiconservative replication

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47
Q

daughter strand
newly synthesized strand from the parent strand

A

complementary strand

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48
Q

→ Substitution
→ deletion/insertion
→ play a crucial role in correcting various types of mutations, including substitutions and deletions/insertions. Mutations of these kinds can lead to potential changes in the physical makeup of an organism.

A

DNA repair enzymes

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49
Q

Errors are normal and natural, as our bodies can naturally repair them with the help of DNA repair enzymes. However, when errors eventually accumulate excessively, it no longer makes sense. In minimal quantities, it’s acceptable because you can still make sense of it, but if the errors become more numerous, it can be dangerous

A

gene mutations

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50
Q

Responsible for straightening the strand

A

topoisomerase

51
Q

unzipping enzyme
→ is the key player in replication,
constituting the main event by breaking the hydrogen bonds formed by the nitrogenous bases. Its movement follows the path set by the topoisomerase.

A

helicase

52
Q

→ It’s like a fork because it’s shaped like the letter “Y.”
→ These are the freshly separated strands.

A

Replication fork

53
Q

This is to prevent the strands from recombining, and this separation is permanent.

A

single stranded binding proteins

54
Q

→ 3’to5’
→ continuous
→ This strand is synthesized
continuously from the 3’ to 5’
direction.

A

leading strand

55
Q

→ 5’to3’
→ discontinuous

A

lagging strand

56
Q

→ building enzyme
→ responsible for constructing the
complementary partner strand.
→ It always follows the movement
from 3’ to 5’ and starts in the lowest position, moving to higher positions, and then reverses direction, moving from higher to lower positions.

A

DNA polymerase

57
Q

→ starting enzyme
→ The starting enzyme and starting point in DNA replication are established by an enzyme called DNA Primase.

A

primers

57
Q

creates the starting point or Primer

A

DNA primase

58
Q

The middle region between two primers forms a gap due to the freshly separated strands.
→ This gap is filled by short
synthesized fragments called…. on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

A

Okazaki fragments

59
Q

→ gluing enzyme
→ It is responsible for joining or
“gluing” together the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
→ It also double-checks the freshly created strand to ensure accuracy, and if any errors are found, DNA repair enzymes are engaged to correct them.

A

ligase

60
Q

→ DNA repair enzyme
→ It functions by cleaving or cutting
DNA strands, which is crucial for repairing damaged DNA or removing unwanted DNA segments during processes like DNA replication or DNA repair.

A

nuclease

61
Q
  • Goal: Transcribe, write out, copy
  • Building rna strand from an
    existing dna strand
A

DNA transcription

62
Q

Body’s protection against foreign elements

A

antibody

63
Q

catalyzes reactions

A

enzymes

64
Q

transmits signals

A

messenger proteins

65
Q

structure and support for cells

A

structure proteins

66
Q

binds and carries atoms and small molecule

A

transport/storage proteins

67
Q

An essential enzyme involved in gene expression. it is more versatile as it encompasses all the necessary enzymatic activities required for RNA synthesis.

A

RNA polymerase

68
Q

The initial step in transcription involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix by

A

RNA polymerase

69
Q

RNA polymerase allows the template strand in what direction

A

3’ to 5’

70
Q

Serves as our blueprint where we encode the bases of our RNA strand, guiding its direction from 3’ to 5’. It acts independently and, with the assistance of RNA Polymerase, constructs the blueprint strand.

A

Template strand

71
Q

It delivers the bases needed to pair with the RNA

A

NTP (nitrogen triphosphate)

71
Q

This is one of the two strands of DNA that serves as a template for mRNA synthesis during transcription. It is called this because its sequence corresponds directly to the sequence of the mRNA

A

Coding strand

72
Q

This portion is a combination half and half, half DNA and half RNA. This is temporary/

A

RNA-DNA hybrid region

73
Q

Here, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the template strand.

A

Initiation

74
Q

The promoter region consists of four bases: Thymine, Adenine, Thymine, Adenine

A

Initiation

75
Q

This signifies the starting point of initiation

A

TATA box

76
Q

Here, RNA polymerase performs its job of creating the RNA strand.

A

Elongation

77
Q

Initiates transcription. Helicase and DNA polymerase in one.

A

RNA polymerase

78
Q

This sequence emits signals indicating the end of the process of transcription

A

terminator

79
Q

3 requirements before leaving the nucleus

A

Processing, Quality-check, Packaging

80
Q

You must undergo processing to ensure that you are a mature and functional RNA molecule. This may involve modifications such as capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.

A

Processing

81
Q

Your quality must be ensured to meet the standards for travel. This involves ensuring that you are free from errors, mutations, or any other defects that could compromise your function.

A

Quality-check

82
Q

You need to be properly packaged and escorted to the exit. This involves binding with specific proteins that facilitate your transport through the nuclear pore complex and guide you safely to the ribosome.

A

packagning

83
Q

→ The RNA molecules are very young, in the form of pre-mRNA.
→ This process is called maturation, where you allow yourself to mature a little bit. This involves removing unnecessary bases because not all of the codes are essential for the protein that will be produced.

A

Splicing

84
Q

→ Large complex of snRNPs which assemble with pre-mRNA to
achieve
→ RNA splicing
→ It consists of a variety of proteins and several small RNAs that
recognize the splice sites.
→ This complex assists in removing unnecessary elements.

A

Spliceosome

85
Q

Are removed after transcription

A

Introns

86
Q

Remain after transcription

A

Exons

87
Q

→ are catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can
splice RNA
→ Can be found inside the
spliceosome

A

Ribozymes

88
Q

→ Any process, aside from splicing, that alters the sequence of an RNA transcript, causing it to deviate from the sequence of the DNA template and potentially resulting in specific point mutations, is known as RNA editing.
→ This process involves double-checking and proofreading errors, correcting any discrepancies that may arise.

A

Editing

89
Q

Any process, aside from splicing, that alters the sequence of an RNA transcript, causing it to deviate from the sequence of the DNA template and potentially resulting in specific point mutations, is known as ___.
This process involves double-checking and proofreading errors, correcting any discrepancies that may arise.

A

RNA editing

90
Q

Exports mRNA out of the nucleus. Physical protection involves adding coverings to the ends of the RNA strand to prepare it for travel. These shields protect the RNA from potential damage or degradation.

A

Polyadenylation

91
Q

Cap that consists guanine

A

5’ cap

92
Q

Cap that consist of about 250 adenines. “Poly A tail”

A

3’ tail

93
Q

In the context of the central dogma, this serves as the primary template for synthesizing proteins by ribosomes. It is the central player, holding the blueprint for protein synthesis.

A

messenger RNA (coding mRNA)

94
Q

Transfers specific amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation

A

Transfer RNA

95
Q

A component of ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA

95
Q
A
96
Q

Regulates gene activity

A

Micro RNA

96
Q

Translate codons into amino acid sequence

A

DNA translation

97
Q

Once the mRNA arrives at the
ribosome, it cannot simply land anywhere. ___ provides signals indicating the precise landing site for the mRNA. It guides the mRNA to the exact location where it should dock for protein synthesis to occur

A

rRNA signals

97
Q

Consist of 3 letters

A

Codons

98
Q

An ____ is a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule,

A

anticodon

99
Q

These molecules facilitate the transfer of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain in a ribosome

A

tRNA

99
Q

tRNA carries out this translation by carrying the corresponding amino acids and connecting them to the growing ______

A

polypeptide chain

100
Q

Proteins known as ____
factors facilitate the entry of the large ribosomal subunit, completing the translation initiation complex. Starting point.

A

Initiation

101
Q

During this stage, amino acids are added one by one to the growing
chain

A

Elongation

102
Q

Arrival of TRNA carrying of amino acids. Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

103
Q

Processing and lengthening of the polypeptide chain

A

A site

104
Q

Ending point. The A site accepts the protein called release factor.

A

Termination

104
Q

Exit where discharged tRNAs leaved the ribosome

A

E site

105
Q

Stop codons

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

106
Q

Once they are detected, the process of translation concludes

A

Release factor

107
Q

These proteins are designed to function within the cytosol, the fluid-filled region of the cell. They are exclusively retained within the cell, rather than being secreted or transported elsewhere.

A

Free ribosomes

108
Q

You need the assistance of
another organelle, which is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ribosomes bind to the endoplasmic reticulum because they are synthesizing proteins destined for export, rather than for organelles within the cell.

A

Bound ribosome

109
Q

it will attract the ribosome so that it can bind to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Signal recognition particle (SRP)

110
Q

They not only regulate our
emotions, but also enable proper psychological functioning, influencing how we perceive and feel. Additionally, they regulate physiological activities within us, both anatomically and psychologically.

A

Proteins as hormones

110
Q

These nucleic acids retain the
ability to enter the nucleus, as they are still nucleic acids. Upon entering the nucleus, they initiate the entire central dogma process, involving DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis through transcription and translation. This alteration of cellular activities consequently impacts the human form, influencing physical appearance, emotions, and psychological functioning.

A

Steroidal hormones

111
Q

plays a significant role in
the changes that occur during puberty, influencing the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and muscle mass increase. These changes typically take several years to fully manifest and are not immediate.

A

Testosterone

112
Q

influences both how you
feel and how you look by altering its levels. These fluctuationsinestrogen levels can lead to changes in mood, emotions, and physical appearance. It typically takes about a month for the effects of estrogen to increase or decrease significantly.

A

Estrogen

113
Q

When you are stressed, increased ____ is released into your bloodstream.

A

Cortisol

114
Q

A type of hormone made by the body that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

115
Q

Is a hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure by managing the levels of Sodium and potassium in your blood

A

Aldosterone

116
Q

These are endocrine hormones that play a crucial role in regulating glucose levels and glycolysis. They help maintain blood sugar levels.

A

Insulin and Glucagon

117
Q

Do not enter the nucleus but rather remain outside in the cytosol. They have a very short duration of action since their effects are primary due to activation.

A

Non-steroidal hormones

118
Q

We administer _____ with the hope of introducing cells to foreign agents, aiming for the immune system to adapt and develop mechanisms to either eliminate or coexist with these invaders.

A

Vaccinations

119
Q

You receive RNA strands, which are then released into the ribosomes. Here, the ribosomes convert the RNA into proteins.

A

Non-replicating vaccine

120
Q

You are injected with mRNA, which is then released into the cytosol. This mRNA has the ability to self-amplify, meaning it can replicate itself to produce more mRNA.

A

Self amplifying vaccine

121
Q

Starting codon

A

AUG

BIO (9 decks)

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