Cell respiration and photosynthesis Flashcards
(87 cards)
0
Q
What is the structure of ADP?
A
- 5 carbon ribose sugar
- Nitrogen-containing base adenine
- 2 Phosphate groups
1
Q
What is ADP?
A
- Adenosine Diphosphate
* Represents an uncharged battery energy wise
2
Q
What is ATP?
A
- Adenosine triphosphate
- Represents charged battery energy wise
- What cells use to store and release energy
3
Q
What is the structure of ATP?
A
- Ribose sugar
- Adenine
- 3 Phosphate groups
4
Q
How is energy transferred to another substance with ATP?
A
A high energy bond is broken and the ATP loses the third phosphate group and that energy is transferred to another substance.
5
Q
What is phosphorylation?
A
The process in which ATP transfers the energy that it is carrying and its 3rd phosphate group to another substwnce thereby becoming ADP.
6
Q
What are the steps of cellular respiration?
A
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
- Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transmission Chain
7
Q
What is energy?
A
The ability to do work.
8
Q
What is cellular respiration?
A
A cellular process that releases energy from glucose(or other organic molecules) to produce energy (ATP)
9
Q
What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?
A
C6H12O6+6O2▶️6CO2+6H2O
10
Q
In which organelle does cellular respiration take place?
A
Mitochondria
11
Q
What are oxidation-reducation reactions?
A
The transfer of one or more electrons, hydrogens, and/or energy from one compound to another.
Two Parts:
Oxidation
Reducation
12
Q
What is an oxidation reaction?
A
The loss of electrons, hydrogens, and/or energy from a compound.
13
Q
What is a reduction reaction?
A
The gain of electrons, hydrogens, and/or energy to a compound.
14
Q
What does NAD do?
A
It catches high energy H (electrons)
15
Q
What does FAD do?
A
It catches slower, less energized H electrons.
16
Q
What happens to released energy in aerobic respiration?
A
Released energy is captured by ADP to make ATP.
17
Q
What happens when energized H is released in aerobic respiration?
A
It is captured by NAD to make NADH+H+ or captured by FAD to make FADH2
18
Q
How much ATP is one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?
A
36 ATP
19
Q
Generally what is glycolysis?
A
The splitting if glucose. Occurs as the first step of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
20
Q
Generally, what is pyruvic acid breakdown?
A
The migration from cytoplasm to mitochondria.
21
Q
Generally, what is the Krebs cycle?
A
Occcurs in the mitochondrial matrix, also known as the citric acid cycle.
22
Q
Generally, What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?
A
Transport H electrons and is embedded with the inner mitochondrial membrane.
23
Q
Where does glycolysis occur?
A
In the cytoplasm just outside the mitochondria.
24
What are the 2 phases of glycolysis?
1. Energy investment phase: 2 ATP are used for activation energy
2. Energy yielding phase: 4 ATP are produced
25
What happens to the two ATP in the energy investment phase?
They become 2ADP+2P
27
What is produced in the energy investment phase?
2ATP USED
0 ATP produced
0 NADH+H+ produced
28
What happens in the energy investment phase?
Glucose (6C) is broken down in two groups of 3C. The 6C has a phosphate attached to each end of it and so group of 3C does too. The two ATP's are used as activiation energy to create the 2 groups of 3C also known as PGAL's. Phosphorylation occurs as well.
30
What happens when the PGAL's are oxidized?
They are oxidized by 2H which leaves the PGAL's.
31
What happens to the NAD in the energy yielding phase?
NAD+ is reduced to NADH+H+ by the 2H that left the PGAL's.
32
What is produced in the energy yielding phase?
0 ATP used
4 ATP produced
2 NADH+H+ produced
33
What is a summary of what happens in the energy yielding phase?
The 2 PGAL's go through an oxidation reaction where 2H leave the PGAL's and turn NAD+ into NADH+H+(reduction). The PGAL's become pyruvates and in all of that the 4ADP+4P becomes 4ATP.
34
What is the total net yield of glycolysis?
2 pyruvates
2 ATP (Stored chemical energy)
2 NADH+H+
35
What happens during pyruvic acid breakdown?
The 2 pyruvic acids are transported through the mitochondria membrane and converted to 2 Acetyl CoA molecules.
36
How are the 2 pyruvates broken up in pyruvic acid breakdown?
2 NAD+ becomes 2NADH and 2H+(separated). The 2 Acetyl CoA are C-C and 2 CO2 are lost as waste.
37
What are the end products of pyruvic acid breakdown?
2NADH
2H+
2 CO2
2 Acetyl CoA(enters krebs cycle)
38
What happens to the ADP and ATP during the oxididation of the PGAL's?
The 4ADP+4P becomes 4ATP.
39
What happens to the two PGAL's in the energy yielding phase?
They are oxidized and become 2 pyruvates or pyruvic acids.
40
Where does the krebs cycle take place?
The mitochondria.
41
What does Acetyl CoA bond to at the beginning of the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA(2c) bonds to Oxalcetic acid(4C-OAA) to make citric acid(6C)
42
How turns does it take to oxidize 1 glucose?
2 turns, 1 for each Acetyl CoA.
43
What happens to Acetyl CoA in two turns of the Krebs cycle?
1 Acetyl CoA enters and it becomes 6C, or citric acid. An energized H the reduced NAD+ to NADH+H + as 6C becomes 5C. CO2 is discarded as waste after. 5C becomes 4C and CO2 is discarded as waste etc.
44
What happens after there is 4C in the krebs cycle?
2H energizes NAD+ to NADH+H+. Then a phosphate group is added to ADP to make an ATP. 2H then energizes FAD to make FADH2. NAD+ is again made in NADH+H+ the same way as before.
45
What is produced at the end of a turn of the Krebs cycle?
Oxalcetic acid (4C) or OAA is made.
46
What is a good summary of the whole Krebs cycle turning process?
1 Acetyl CoA enters and becomes Citric acid(6C). It becomes 4C and 2CO2 is produced as waste. After that 3NADH+H+ is reduced by 2 energized H's. An ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP. FAD is reduced by 2 energized H's. Oxalxetic acid (4C) is produced at the end of a turn.
47
What is the total net yield at the end of the Krebs Cycle?
2ATP
6NADH+H+
2 FADH2
4 CO2
48
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
The inner mitochondrial membrane.
49
How is ATP made in this step?
The ETC uses ATP Synthase(enzyme) to make ATP through chemiosmosis.
50
What is chemiosmosis?
An H+ ion concentration gradient is created by proteins of the ETC. H+ ions are pumped against their gradient to the other side of the inner membrane and then the H+ ions will flow with the concentration gradient through ATP synthase to make ATP.
51
What happens to NADH and FADH2 in ETC?
Each of the NADH coverts to 3 ATP and each of the FADH2 coverts to 2 ATP.
52
How many ATP do NADH and FADH2 make?
There are 10 NADH so 10 times 3=30 ATP
There are 2 FADH2 so 2 time 2=4 ATP
53
What is the total ATP yield for cellular respiration in eukaryotes?
4 ATP from glycolysis and krebs cycle
34 ATP from ETC and chemiosmosis
=38 Total ATP
2 ATP lost on the process
=36 Total ATP
54
What is the total ATP yield for prokaryotes?
38 ATP. Everything is the same as eukaryotes accept prokaryotes dont lose 2 ATP in the process.
55
What other foods are used in cellular respiration other than glucose?
1. Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerols and fatty acids
3. Amino acids
56
What is a common name for anaerobic respiration?
Fermentation.
57
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration that occurs when no oxygen is present.
58
Where does fermentation occur?
The cytoplasm.
59
What are the two types of fermentation?
1. Alcohol fermentation, also known as ethyl alcohol and ethanol fermentation.
2. Lactic Acid fermentation.
60
Which organisms use alcohol fermentation?
Plants and fungi(especially yeast)
61
What is the first step of alcohol fermentation?
A glucose molecule goes through glycolysis and 2 pyruvates are formed along with 2 ATP AND 2 NADH and H+.
62
What is the second step of alcohol fermentation?
The pyruvates are oxidized to 2C(Ethanol). 2NADH becomes 2NAD+ and 2CO2 is released. This is how beer and wine are made.
63
What are the end products of alcohol fermentation?
2ATP(glycolysis)
2CO2
2Ethanol
64
What organisms use lactic acid fermentation?
Animals
65
What is the first step of lactic acid fermentation?
Glycolysis occurs. 2 NAD+ is turned into 2 NADH and 2H. 2ADP+2P becomes 2ATP.
66
What is the second stel of lactic acid fermentation?
2NADH becomes 2NAD+ which make the 2 pyruvates into 2 lactic acids.
67
What are the end products of lactic acid fermentation?
2ATP(glycolysis)
| 2 Lactic Acids
68
What is a chloroplast?
The organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
69
What is photosynthesis?
A carbon dioxide requiring process that uses light energy(photons) and water (H2O) to produce glucose.
70
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+ 6H2O ▶️ C6H12O6 + 6O2
71
What are stomates?
Pores in the plants outer leaf surface through which water and gases are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.
72
What is the Stroma?
A thick green liquid inside the chloroplast. Where dark reactions take place.
73
What is a thylakoid?
One of the "slivers" of a granum.
74
What is a grana?
A stack of thylakoids. Where light reactions happen. Granum is plural for grana.
75
How do chlorophyll pigments harvest energy?
By absorbing certain wavelengths of light.
76
Which wavelengths are most and least frequently absorbed?
Most: Blue, Orange-Red
Least: Green, Yellow
77
Why do leaves change colors during the fall?
During the fall, chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced because of lower light intensity, revealing other pigments.
78
What are the main parts of photosynthesis and what do they do?
1. Light Reactions: Converts solar energy to ATP and NADPH and chemical potential energy
2. Dark reactions: Calvin cycle, uses carbon dioxide from the environment and energy from light reactions to make sugar/glucose
79
What is formed during light reactions?
ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is released as a waste.
80
How the ATP formed in light reactions?
ATP synthase and chemiosmosis.
81
How do electrons flow to make ATP, NADPH, and O2 in photosynthesis?
ADP+P▶️NADPH(reduced)
NADP+ +2e- and H+▶️ NADPH(reduced)
Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O
82
What is a summary of dark reactions?
* Carbon fixation occurs
* Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction
* Uses CO2 absorbed through leaf stomates
* Produces PGAL which combines to form glucose. It takes 6CO2 and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
83
What do light and dark reactions give to each other?
Light reactions give ATP and NADPH
Dark reactions give ATP and NADP+
84
What do light and dark reaction take in from the outside environment?
Light reactions take in H2Oand sunlight and dark reactions take in CO2
85
What are the products of light and dark reactions?
Light reactions produce O2, ATP, and NADPH, and dark reactions produce glucose, ATP, and NADP+.
86
What does it mean when some wavlengths are absorbed and some arent?
The ones being absorbed are being used by the plant and the ones reflected arent and thats the color we see.
87
What are the 2 factors that determine how the pigments react to the chromatography strip?
Attraction to the mobile phase and soluability to the vile.
88
Which pigments moved the farthest and which ines didnt?
Chlorophyll B moved the least and Carotene moved the most.
