Final Exam Flashcards
(261 cards)
1
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
A branch of biology that deals with the classifying and naming of living things.
2
Q
What are the nine life processes?
A
- Nutrition
- Transport
- Respiration
- Synthesis
- Growth
- Excretion
- Regulation
- Reproduction
- Metabolism
3
Q
What are the 9 characteristics of life?
A
- Every living thing is made up of the same organic compounds
- Every living thing is composed of one or more cells
- All living things use energy
- All living things have different forms and size ranges
- All living things grow
- All living things have their own life span
- All living things respond to their environment
- All organisms reproduce for the survival of their species
- All living things adapt and evolve over time
4
Q
What is nutrition?
A
The process by which organisms take in food and break it down so it can be used for metabolism.
5
Q
What is transport?
A
The process by which substances move into or out of cells or are distributed within cells.
6
Q
What is respiration?
A
The process of releasing energy in a complex series of chemical reactions.
7
Q
What is synthesis?
A
The chemical combining of simple substances to create more complex substances
8
Q
What is growth?
A
The process by which living organisms increase in size.
9
Q
What is excretion?
A
The removal of waste substances from an organism.
10
Q
What is regulation?
A
All activites that help to maintain an organisms homeostasis.
11
Q
What is reproduction?
A
The process by which organisms reproduce new organisms of their own kind.
12
Q
What is metabolism?
A
All the chemical reactions occuring within the cells of an organism.
13
Q
What is biology?
A
The study of life
14
Q
What is assimilation and what life process is it an example of?
A
Synthesis. It is incorporation of materials into an organisms body.
15
Q
What are the two types/example of reproduction?
A
Asexual and sexual reproduction.
16
Q
What is catabolism?
A
Reactions that break things apart and release energy.
17
Q
What is anabolism?
A
Reactions that use energy and put things together.
18
Q
What two things/examples make up metabolism?
A
Catabolism+Anabolism=Metabolism
19
Q
What is a unicellular example of transport?
A
Materials being exchanged directly with external environment.
20
Q
What is a multicellular example of transport?
A
Cirulatory system, it moves materials to and wastes from the cells of an organism.
21
Q
What are the two types/examples of respiration?
A
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
22
Q
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and anerobic doesn’t.
23
Q
What is a unicellular example of growth?
A
Increase in size of the cell.
24
Q
What is a multicellular example of growth?
A
Increase of BOTH number and size of cells accompanied by cellular specialization.
25
What are the two main ways/examples organisms are sorted by maintaining nutrition?
Autothrophs and heterotrophs.
26
What is an example of excretion?
A product of a chemical reaction.
27
What are examples of regulation?
Nervous and endocrine system.
28
What is a scanning electron telescope?
A telescope that shoots a beam of electrons at a point and they bounce back, revealing a lot of fine points on the organism.
29
What is a compound light microscope?
A microscope using 2 magnification lenses instead of electrons.
30
What is a transmission electron microscope?
A microscope using electrons to show a very highly magnified image.
31
What do you have to do to a specimen to use any electron microscope?
Chop it up into many extremely small pieces.
32
What is magnification?
The enlargement of an image.
33
What is resolution?
The capacity to show sharpness and fine detail in an image.
34
What is depth of field?
The term used to describe the thickness or depth of the layer currently in focus. When one layer moves out of focus, another layer above or below will come in focus.
35
What is field of view?
The total illuminated are you can see.
36
What is the relationship between magnification and field of view?
High magnification=Lower field of view
| Lower magnification=Higher field of view
37
What are the 6 steps to using a microscope?
1. Start the microscope on low power and medium light
2. Use coarse adjustment FIRST to attempt to find the specimen
3. Once specimen is located, finish focusing with fine adjustment
4. Adjust light if necessary
5. Rotate the nosepiece to then switch to medium power and refocus with fine adjustment. Adjust diaphragm and slide as needed
6. To switch to high, repeat the steps above and make sure the objective lens doesnt hit the slide.
38
What are lipid/fats made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1
39
What is the structure of fats?
* Glycerol
* 3 fatty acids
* Triglycerides
* 3 water molecules
40
What do we use fats for?
* Source of stored energy
* Make up the lipid bilayer in the cell membrane
* Regulate certain processes in a cell
41
What is a saturated fat?
A fat with one carbon-carbon bond in the fatty acid tail, solid at room temp.
42
What is an unsaturated fat?
One or more pairs of carbon as the fatty acid tail, liquid at room temp.
43
How are fats formed?
* Dehydration synthesis
| * Glycerol+3 fatty acids➡️fat/triglyceride+3 water
44
What are proteins made of?
C, H, O, N, and S
45
How are many proteins stuck together?
As amino acid chains.
46
What do we use proteins for?
* growth, repair, maintenance
| * Build muscle, enzymes, and hormones.
47
What are proteins made up of?
* Nitrogen(amino) group, NH2
* Carboxyl group(COOH)
* Amino acids
48
What are amino acids?
The structural unit of proteins.
49
What is a peptide bond?
A bond that forms between amino acids as they bond to polypeptides.
50
What is a polypeptide?
A long chain of amino acids.
51
What do nucleic acids contain?
C,H,O,N, and P
52
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
53
What are nucleic acids made of or structured with?
Long repeating units called nucleotides.
54
What is a nucleotide?
Consists of a 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
55
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
56
What type of sugar do DNA nucleotides contain?
Deoxyribose sugar.
57
What is the structure(shape) of DNA?
Two strands of nucleic acids in the shape of a double helix.
58
What is the structure of RNA?
* Single stranded
* Polymer of nucleotides
* 4 nitrogenous bases
* ribose sugar
* protein synthesis
59
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA?
Adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine.
60
What are monosaccharides and 3 examples of them?
Simplest sugars/carbs. Theee examples are glucose, galactose, and fructose.
61
What is the structure of glucose?
C6H12O6
62
What are disaccharides, and what are 3 examples?
Sugars larger than monosaccharides, 3 examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
63
What are polysaccharides and 3 examples?
500 to thousands of glucose/sugar molecules. They are complex sugars/carbs. Examples are glycogen, cellulose, and starch.
64
What do we get monosaccharides from?
Fruits.
65
Where do we get disaccharides from?
Sweets.
66
How are sugars/carbs formed?
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolosis.
67
What is dehydration synthesis?
To organism molecules like glucose together by taking away water.
68
What is hydrolosis?
Reverse of dehydration synthesis, to put organic molecules together by adding water.
69
How is energy given off with sugars/carbs?
C-O-C bond is broken and releases energy.
70
What are sugars/carbs made of?
C,H,O(1,2,1 ratio)
71
What are organic compounds?
Compounds containing oxygen.
72
What are the elements involved in organic compounds?
C,H,O,N,P, and S.
73
What are monomers and what 4 monomers make up organic compounds?
Monomers are the building blocks of organic compound. The 4 monomers are mono/disaccharides, fatty acids/triglycerides, amino acids, and nucletides.
74
What are polymers and what 4 polymers are apart of organic molecules?
Polymers or macromolecules are the organic compounds. The 4 polymers are carbs/polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
75
What is a colonial group of cells and what are 3 examples?
Colonial cells are cells that could be unicellular but live in a colony. 3 examples are algea, volvox, and bacteria.
76
What does unicellular mean and what are 3 examples?
Unicellular mean organisms that are just made up of a single cell. 3 examples are paramecium, euglena, and amoeba.
77
What does multicellular mean and what are 3 examples?
Multicellar refers to an organism made up of multiple cells. There is cell specialization where groups of cells are specialized to perform certain functions. 3 examples are muscle, nerve, and bone cells.
78
What are the levels of cells in multicellular organisms from smallest to largest?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.
79
How do the terms unicellular, multicellular, and colonial compare and contrast?
They all refer to the amount of cells organisms are made up of, it classifies their level of complexity.
80
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that obtains their food or nutrition from their environment through absorption or ingestion.
81
What is absorption?
Used by fungi, they release enzymes out of their body, digest the food outside their body, and absorb the nutrients into it then.
82
What is ingestion?
Taking food into the body and digesting it.
83
What is an autotroph?
An organism that makes their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
84
What does it mean to be photosynthetic?
Use sunlight, water, and CO2 to make organic compounds for food.(Sugar/Carbs)
85
What does it mean to be chemosynthetic?
Dont use sunlight, compounds other than those used in photosynthesis are used to make organic compounds.
86
Are heterotrophs producers or consumers? Autotrophs?
Heterotrophs-Consumers
| Autotrophs-Producers
87
How do the terms heterotroph, autotroph, photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, and absorption compare and contrast?
Heterotrophs and autotrophs are the two main types of ways to describe how organism get food. Heterotrophs use absorption and ingestion, autotrophs chemosynthesis and photosynthesis.
88
What are the taxonomic levels of classification from largest to smallest?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
89
What is binomial nomenclature?
The naming of species of animals. It is 2 words, the first is their genus, the second is their species. It is ALWAYS underlined.
90
Why do we use scientific names?
We use scientific names because different animals had different names in different areas, and it was confusing.
91
What was Carolis Linneaus and what did he do?
He is the father of taxonomy and first classified organisms into plants and animals.
92
What is a taxonomic key and how is it used?
A tool used to identify organisms already classifed by taxonomists. It consists of paired statements that described alternative characteristics of the organism, the statements described the presence or absence of a characteristic.
93
What is another name for a taxonomic key?
Dichotomous key.
94
What happens when you move the slode towards you in a microscope?
It appears to move backwards.
95
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
2. All cells carry out life processes
3. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells, through cell division
96
What are the differences between animal and plant cells?
* Plant-usually no lysosomes, Animal-lysosomes
* Plant-Cell wall, Animal-no cell wall
* Plant-box shaped, Animal-many shapes
* Plant-cholorplast/plastids, Animal-No chloroplast/plastids
* Plant-Large central vacuole, Animals-No large central vacuole
* Plants-Photosynthetic, Animals-Not photosynthetic
* Plants-Green, Animals-Many colors
* Plant-No centrioles, Animal-Centrioles
* Plant-No cilia or flagella, Animal-Cilia and flagella
97
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?
Prokaryotic-Very small, no nucleus, scattered DNA, ribosomes.
Eukaryotic-Larger nucleus with chromosomes/DNA, membranous organelles.
98
What is plasma or cell membrane?
An organelle in a cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell, separates the cell from
its external environment, and helps maintain homeostasis.
99
What is the cell wall?
An organelle in plant cells. It gives the cell shape and provides protection. It has small holes to allow things to pass through.
100
What is the nucleus?
The control center of the cell. If it were to be removed, the cell would die. It contains DNA.
101
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
An organelle that is a system of fluid filled canals enclosed in a membrane. They serve as pathways to transport materials in the cell.
102
What are ribosomes?
The sites of proteins in a cell, they are found on the lining of the endoplasmic reticulum.
103
What is the golgi body or golgi apparatus?
Stacks of flattened membrane sacs that serves as processing, packaging, and storage for products of the cell.
104
What are lysosomes?
Organelles found in animal and some plant cells that. They are small saclike structures surrounded by a single membrane that contain strong digestive enzymes.
105
What is a mitochondria?
An organelle that is a round or slipper shape and release energy in food molecules.
106
What are centrioles?
A pair of cylandrical organelles that lie at right angles to each other, they are involved in cell division.
107
What are cilia/flagella?
Hairlike organelles with the capacity for movement on the outside of the cell.
108
What are vacuoles?
Fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane digest food and store stuff.
109
What is a cholorplast/plastid?
The sights of photosynthesis in a plant cell.
110
What is a central vacuole?
A large vacuole found in plant cells involved in storing water.
111
What is passive transport?
The movement of materials across the cell membrane WITHOUT the use of energy.
112
What is active transport?
The movement of materials across the cell membrane thay requires the use of energy.
113
What is endocytosis?
Transporting material into a cell by means of a vesicle.
114
What is pinocytosis?
Small amount of liquids being taken into a cell, the cell drinking.
115
What is phagocytosis?
Solid particles are ingested into a cell, cell eating.
116
What is exocytosis?
Movement of materials out of the cell in vesicles.
117
What are the two main types of active transport?
1. Vesicle transport
| 2. ATP transport
118
What are the two main types of passive transport?
Diffusion and osmosis.
119
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution that has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the living cells placed in it.
120
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that contains a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the cell.
121
What does water do to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
It moves into the cell.
122
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that contains a higher amount of concentration of dissolved substances than the cell.
123
What does water do in a hypertonic solution?
It leaves the cell.
124
How is the cells size affected in a isotonic solution?
It stays the same.
125
What does water do to the cell in an isotonic solution?
It stays the same.
126
What happens to the size of a cell in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks.
127
What happens to the size of a cell in hypotonic solution?
It expands.
128
What is diffusion?
How molecules pass through the cell membrane easily.
129
What is osmosis?
When water moves from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water.
130
I general what is protein synthesis?
The nucleus send rna to the ribosome and the mitochondria gives energy to the ribosomes. The rna makes the ribosome make the needed proteins. The ribosomes send already made enzymes to the food vacuole and lysosome to make food and they give food to the ribosome. The ribosome makes protein and distributes it where needed.
131
Who is credited for discovering the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
132
What are the differences betweem DNA and RNA?
1. RNA has ribose sugar
DNA has deoxy ribose sugar
2. RNA contains uracil
DNA contains thymine
3. An RNA molecule is single stranded
DNA is double stranded
4. RNA leaves the nucleus
DNA stays in the nucleus
5. RNA is a like a page/recipe
DNA is like the whole book
133
Name and describe the 3 main steps of protein synthesis.
1. Transcription: Copy DNA "recipe" into RNA
2. RNa processing: Convert RNA in to mRNA(messenger RNA)
3. Transaltion: RNA "delivers" message
134
What is replication?
It occurs just prior to cell division, 2 exact copies of DNA are produced.
135
What are the two type of RNA?
mRNA and tRNA.
136
What is mRNA?
Messanger RNA. It is a copy of the "recipe" or instructions.
137
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA. It brings the "ingredients" to the ribosome.
138
What are the two main parts of photosynthesis?
Light reactions and dark reactions.
139
What do light reactions do?
Convert energy from solar power(photons) into the form of ATP and NADPH.
140
What do dark reactions do?
* Process of carbon fixation
* Use carbon dioxide from environment and energy(ATP and NADPH) from light reactions to make sugar(glucose)
* Calvin cycle
141
What are the 2 products of respiration that are used by plants and humans?
Oxygen and glucose
142
What is photosynthesis?
A carbon dioxide requiring process that uses light energy(photons) and water to produce glucose.
143
What are stomates?
Pores in the plant's outer leaf surface through which water and gases are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.
144
What is the chloroplast?
The organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
145
What are thylakoids?
Parts of the chloroplast where dark reactions take place.
146
What are granum or grana?
Stacks of thylakoids.
147
How do the wavelengths a plant is absorbing and its color relate?
If a plant is absorbing wavelengths, we dont see those colors, the colors a plant is not absorbing are reflected and that is what we see.
148
Why do leaves change color in the fall?
During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are reduced revealing other colored pigments.
149
What are carotenes?
Orange pigments.
150
What are xanthophylls?
Yellow pigments.
151
What is formed from a light reaction?
ATP and NADPH
152
What is released in a light reaction?
Oxygen.
153
What in general happens in a light reaction?
Light energy breaks down water. Water splits into hydrogen atoms and will be used to replace energized electrons lost by chlorophyll pigments. H+ ions will be pumped via ETC to create a conc. gradient to make ATP through ATP synthase or chemioosmosis.
154
How is ATP made in photosynthesis and what type of reaction is it?
ADP+P=ATP. Reduction reaction.
155
How is NADPH made in photosynthesis and what type of reaction is it?
NADP+ + 2e- and H=NADPH. Reduction Reaction.
156
Where does oxygen in photosynthesis come from?
The splitting of water, not CO2.
157
What do dark reactions produce and what is needed to produce it?
PGAL which combines to form glucose, its take 8 CO2, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH.
158
What happens in a dark reaction?
CO2 is absorbed through the stomates of leaves and carbon fixation occurs.
159
What dark reactions give to light reactions and vice versa?
Light gives ATP and NADPH
| Dark give ADP and NADP+
160
What makes carbon such an ideal atom to use in the formation of large chains?
Carbon has 8 valence electrons which allows them to be able to connect to a lot of stuff.
161
What is the ultimate goal of photosynthesis?
To produce glucose.
162
What is the ultimate goal of cellular respiration?
To produce energy(ATP)
163
What is an oxidation reaction?
A reaction resulting in the loss of electrons, hydrogens, and/or energy from a compound.
164
What is a reduction reaction?
a reaction resulting in the gain of electrons, hydrogens, and/or energy to a compound.
165
What is NAD?
Its like a catchers mitt to catch high energy hydrogen.
166
What is FAD?
It is like a fielders mitt it catches lower energy hydrogen.
167
What is the net ATP from Aerobic respiration?
36 ATP.
168
What are the four steps of aerobic respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvic Acid breakdown
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain
169
Where does each step of aerobic respiration occur?
1. Cytoplasm just outside of the mitochondria
2. Migration from cytoplasm to mitochondria
3. Mitochondrial matrix
4. Embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane
170
What is another name for the krebs cycle?
Citric acid cycle.
171
Which step of aerobic respiration can occur without oxygen?
Glycolysis.
172
What are the two phases of glycolysis and what do they produce?
1. Energy investment phase and uses 2 ATP as activation energy
2. Energy yielding phase and 4 ATP is produced
173
What is the total net yield of glycolysis?
* 3 pyruvates or pyruvic acids
* 2 ATP
* 2 NADH and H
174
What are the end products of pyruvic acid breakdown?
* 2 NADH
* 2 H+
* 2 CO2
* 2 Acetyl CoA
175
Why does the krebs cycle turn multiple times?
It take 2 turns to oxidize one glucose molecule.
176
What Acetyl CoA do in the krebs cycle?
It bonds to oxalacetic acid to make citric acid.
177
What is the total net yield of the krebs cycle?
* 2 ATP
* 6 NADH and H+
* 2 FADH2
* 4 CO2
178
How is ATP made in aerobic respiration?
ETC and ATP synthase are used to make ATP through chemiosmosis.
179
What is chemiosmosis?
An H+ ion conc. gradient is created by proteins of ETC and it pumps H+ ions against their conc. gradient. The the H+ will flow with its conc. gradient through ATP synthase to make ATP.
180
How do NADH and FADH2 convert to ATP?
Each NADH converts to 3 ATP and each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP.
181
What is thr ATP yield for ETC and chemiosmosis?
34 ATP.
182
What molecules other than glucose are used for fuel?
1. Carbs
2. Fats
3. Proteins
183
What are the two types of anearobic respiration?
1. Alcohol fermentation
| 2. Lactic Acid fermentation
184
What are two other names for alcohol fermentation and which organsisms use it?
Ethyl Alcohol, or ethanol fermentation. It takes place in unicellular yeast.
185
What are the end products of alcohol fermentation?
* 2 ATP
* 2 CO2
* 2 Ethanol's
186
Which organisms use lactic acid fermentation?
Animals.(Pain in muscle after workout)
187
Which process does fermentation use to make ATP?
Glycolysis.
188
What are the end products of lactic acid fermentation?
* 2 ATP
| * 2 Lactic Acids
189
What is mitosis?
The process by which the nucleus of a cell dovides while maintainin chromosome number.
190
What is the end result of mitosis?
2 Identical cells.
191
Why does mitosis occur?
For growth of an organism or to repair damage in an organism, cells can't grow forever.
192
What occurs during interphase in mitosis?
* DNA replication
* Centrioles replicate and become visible
* Cell spends most of its life in this phase
193
What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
* Chromatin condenses and becomes visible as sister chromatids
* Centrioles move towards poles
* Asters and spindles form
* Nuclear membrane disappears
194
What happens during metaphase of mitosis?
* Centrioles at opposite poles
* Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate/equator
* Each of the sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move towards opposite poles of cell
195
What happens during anaphase of mitosis?
•Each of the sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move towards opposite poles of the cell
196
What happens during the telophase of mitosis?
* Chromosomes decondense to chromatin
* Formation of cleavage furrow(animal cell), or cell plate(plant cell)
* Spindle disappears
* New nuclear membrane forms
* The cytoplasm divides in two, this is called cytokinesis
197
What limits cell growth?
Surface area and volume of a cell. If it gets too big, it cant take in enough materials.
198
What are the 4 main differences between meisis and mitosis?
1. In prophase 1 in meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up
2. In meiosis, homologous PAIRS align on equator in metaphase 1
3. In meiosis in anaphase 1, homologous pairs of chromosomes separate, NOT sisters chromatids
4. Meisis results in 4 haploid daughter cells, mitosis results in 2 diploid daughter cells
199
What is meiosis?
Meiosis creates 4 daughter cells with half the "normal" number of chromosomes. When these cells join another one, they will have the "normal" amount of chromosomes again.
200
Why does meisis occur?
To create gametes that will later be fertilized.
201
What in the end result of meiosis and how to does it differ in males and females?
The end result of meiosis is 4 haploid cells, and in the male they are sperm, in the female they are eggs.
202
What is artificial insemination?
Semen in collected from male and inserted into the female by artificial means. The pregnancy-birth is completely natural and the mother is the biological mother, she carries her own baby.
203
What is invitro fertilization?
Fertilization where sperm and egg are united outside the female and they zygote divides until the 8 cell stage. Then the embryo is implanted into the female. The egg donor is usually given drugs to "superovulate" and multiple embryos are implanted. Extra embryos can be frozen and used later.
204
What is cloning?
A type of fertilization where the egg cell is enucleated, 2N nucleus from individual is to be cloned and inserted. A "zygote" clone is incubated until the 8 cell stage and an embryo is implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother. The mother goes through gestation and birth.
205
What is a chromosome?
A long strand of genes.
206
What is a homologous pair?
Chromosomes that code for the same traits, but are different alleles of that trait.
207
What are sister chromatids?
A pair of chromatids, bound together at the centromere, that are identical. They are he product of DNA replication.
208
What does "n" mean?
The number of pairs of chromosomes
209
What does "2n" mean?
The total number of chromosomes.
210
What is sexual reproduction?
A type of reproduction that means that the offspring recieve genetic material from BOTH the mother and father.
211
What is a gamete?
A human egg or sperm cell.
212
What is a haploid?
A cell that has 1 copy of each type of chromosome.
213
What is a somatic cell?
Body cells, any cell that isnt a sex cell.
214
What is a diploid?
A cell that has 2 copies of each type of chromosome.
215
What is a zygote?
When 2 sex cells combine and make a single cell, its creates a zygote, which comes before an embryo.
216
Who worked out the Laws of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel.
217
What is the law of segregation?
Genes that occur in homologous pairs are separated during gamete formation and recombined at fertilization.
218
What is the law of dominance?
A dominant trait will overpower a recessive trait.
219
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Genes for different traits are separated and distributed to gametes independently of one another.
220
What are the two main types of mutations?
Gene mutation and chromosome mutation.
221
What is a substitution mutation?
(Point mutation) One codon is changed.
222
What is a deletion?
(frameshift mutation) Everything changes because of the removal of one nucleotide.
223
What a mutagen?
A factor in the environment that causes a mutation.
224
What is a nondisjunction?
Chromosomes that normally separate in meiosis stay together and can cause several genetic disorders.
225
What is polyploidy?
A disorder where cells have some multiple of the normal number of chromosomes.
226
What is incomplete dominance?
A condition in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype of a hererozygous individual to produce a trait that is a blend of the two possible traits.
227
How is incomplete dominance written?
Capital letters with subscripts, alleles in alphebetical order.
228
What is codominance?
A condition in which two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time.
229
How is codominance written?
Capital letters are used for each allele.
230
Which blood type is the universal donor and which type is the universal recipiant?
O-Universal Donor
| AB-Universal recipiant
231
What is a sex linked trait?
A trait that is controlled by a gene found on the sex chromosome.
232
What is the most accepted explanation for how evolution works today?
We are evolved versions of past organisms.
233
What is natural selection and an example of it?
The fact that organisms best suited for their environment repeoduce more sucessfully than other organisms.
Example: Giraffes with longer necks have an easier time getting food than those with short necks.
234
What can create speciation?
Geographic isolation.
235
How is energy passed in the food web?
As you go up, each organism gets about 10% of the energy from the organism below it.
236
What is a symbiotic relationship or symbiosis?
This occurs when two or more organisms live within close association of each other.
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What is parasitism?
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.
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What is commensalism?
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
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What is mutalism?
A symbiotic relation where both organisms benefit.
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What is careying capacity?
The maximum amount of an organism a certain environment can hold at a certain time.
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What is succession?
A natural process by which one living community is gradually or suddenly replaced by a new community.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of fibers that organizes and structures and activities within a cell. It consists of 3 types of fibers, microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
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What are microtubules?
* Help maintain cellular shape
* Help with cell movement
* Chromosome movement during cell division
* Organelle movement
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What are microfilaments?
* Help maintain cell shape
* Involved with changes in cell shape
* Muscle contraction
* Cytoplasmic streaming
* Division in animal cells
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What are intermediate filaments?
* Help maintain cell shape
| * Anchor nucleus
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What is a concentration gradient?
The difference between a region of high and low concentrations.
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What is equilibrium?
When molecules are evenly distributed between 2 regions and there is no concentration gradient.
248
What is facilitated diffusion?
Specialized transport moleces soeed the movement of molecules across a membrane.
249
What is turgor pressure?
The pressure in a PLANT cell due to osmosis.
250
What is a turgid cell?
A plant cell with a higher amount of water.
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What is a flaccid cell?
A cell with less water turgid cell.
252
What is plasmolysis?
The shrinking if the cytoplasm due to loss of water.
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What is cytolosis?
When the cell bursts from taking on too much water.
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What separates the strands of DNA during protein synthesis?
Helicase.
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What are replication forks?
Openings in a strand of DNA for protein synthesis.
256
What enzyme is responsible for the production of the RNA molecule?
RNA polymerase.
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What is a codon?
A sequence of three nitrogenous bases that usually code for an amino acid, or stop the production of one.
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What are anticodons?
The opposites to mRNA codons.(Just like codons, but compliment that codons)
259
What are the three parts of translation in protein synthesis? What happens in each part?
1. Initiation-Start codon
2. Elongation-Building polypeptide chain
3. Termination-Stop codon
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What is a polyribosome?
Groups of ribosomes reading the same mRNA simotaneuously producing many proteins(polypeptide).
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What is crossing over?
When homologues echange genetic material during prophase.
