BIOL 1107 > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Who proposed unified cell theory?

A

Theodor Schwann

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2
Q

What is unified cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, new cells arise from existing cells

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A simple, mostly single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

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4
Q

Where is prokaryotic DNA found?

A

the nucleoid

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5
Q

What type of cell wall do most prokaryotes have?

A

peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What type of capsule do most eukaryotes have?

A

polysaccharide capsul

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7
Q

Are prokaryotic cells are Eukaryotic cells larger?

A

Eukaryotic

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8
Q

What is the advantage of small cell size?

A

It allows ions and organic molecules to quickly diffuse to other parts of the cell

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

1) a membrane-bound nucleus 2) numerous membrane-bound organelles 3) several, rod-shaped chromosomes

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

is the entire region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope (a structure to be discussed shortly).

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11
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA

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13
Q

What is DNA organized into in prokaryotes

A

Single circular chromosomes

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14
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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15
Q

What are unwound protein-chromosome complexes?

A

chromatin

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16
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A dark staining area in the nucleus that aggregates the ribosomal RNA

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17
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis

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18
Q

What do mitochondria produce?

19
Q

What are peroxisomes

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A

Small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes. They break down fatty acids and amino acids.

20
Q

What are vesicles and vacuoles

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A

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport

21
Q

What is a centrosome?

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A

is a microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells. It contains a pair of centrioles, two structures that lie perpendicular to each other ( Figure 4.15). Each centriole is a cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules. The centrosome (the organelle where all microtubules originate) replicates itself before a cell divides, and the centrioles appear to have some role in pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell.

22
Q

What is a lysosome

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A

This is the cell’s “garbage disposal.” In plant cells the digestive process takes place in vacuoles.

23
Q

What are chloroplasts

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A

plant organelles that carry out phtoosynthesis

24
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

25
What is the central vacuole?
Regulates the cell's concentration of water in changing environmental conditions.
26
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
is a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids.
27
What is the difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER?
The rough ER contains many ribosomes attached, the smooth ER does not contain many ribosomes attached.
28
What is the function of the rough ER?
Ribosomes transfer their newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo structural modifications, such as folding or the acquisition of side chains. These modified proteins will be incorporated into cellular membranes—the membrane of the ER or those of other organelles—or secreted from the cell (such as protein hormones, enzymes). The RER also makes phospholipids for cellular membranes.
29
What is the function of the smooth ER?
continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface (Figure 4.18). Functions of the SER include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; and storage of calcium ions.
30
What is the function of the golgi apparatus
place. Sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins takes place in the Golgi apparatus (also called the Golgi body), a series of flattened membranes.
31
What is the cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers that support the cell
32
What are the three fibers within the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
33
What is the function of Microfilaments?
Provide rigidity and shape, help phagocytize pathogens, depolymerize to change shape of cell, provide functionality for myosin (type of motor movement).
34
What is the function of Intermediate Filaments?
Only function is to provide structure to the cell.
35
What is the function of microtubules?
Widest component of cytoskeleton, help resist compression, provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell.
36
What are flagella?
flagellum) are long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell
37
What are cilia?
short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells (such as paramecia) or substances along the outer surface of the cell (for example, the cilia of cells lining the Fallopian tubes that move the ovum toward the uterus, or cilia lining the cells of the respiratory tract that trap particulate matter and move it toward your nostrils.)
38
What is the extracellular matrix?
Collection of interwoven collagen fibers with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. It helps connect cells together to form tissue and allows for intercellular communication
39
What is an intercellular junction?
Direct connections between cells that allow for communication
40
What are plasmodesmata?
plasmodesma), numerous channels that pass between cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connect their cytoplasm, and enable materials to be transported from cell to cell, and thus throughout the plant
41
What is a tight intercellular junction?
watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells (Figure 4.29). The cells are held tightly against each other by proteins (predominantly two proteins called claudins and occludins).
42
What are desmosomes?
which act like spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells (Figure 4.30). Short proteins called cadherins in the plasma membrane connect to intermediate filaments to create desmosomes.
43
What is a gap junction?
are channels between adjacent cells that allow for the transport of ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable cells to communicate

BIOL 1107 (5 decks)

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