Cell Structure.

Question 1

What is a prokaryotic cell? And give an example.

Answer 1

Bacteria.
No true nucleus (free loop of dna) very few organelles and exist as single cells.

Question 2

What is eukaryotic cell and give an example?

Answer 2

animal, plant, fungi
True nucleus and lots of organelles.

Question 3

What are some examples of prokaryotes?

Answer 3

E-coli, salmonella, campylobacter

Question 4

What are extremophiles and what conditions can they specifically survive in?

Answer 4

Harsh conditions.
pH, temperature, salinity.

Question 5

Why additional organelles does bacteria cells have?

Answer 5

Pilus, plasmid, nuclear material, slime capsule, mesosomes, plasma membrane

Question 6

What is the cell wall made out of?

Answer 6

Mureirs

Question 7

What’s different about the plasmids?

Answer 7

Smaller

Question 8

What does the extra loops of dna mean?

Answer 8

Extra genes and a survival advantage such as antibiotics resistance

Question 9

What is different about the nuclear material dna?

Answer 9

Circular not linear.
Not in nucleus free in cytoplasm

Question 10

What is the purpose of the slime capsule?

Answer 10

Protect it from drying out and to hide itself from white blood cells within the body.

Question 11

What is the mesome and what is contained here?

Answer 11

Folding of the cell surface membrane.
Enzymes for respiration here.
Cell division and wall formation.

Question 12

What is the role of the pilus?

Answer 12

Attachment to other bacterial cells/ surfaces.

Question 13

What is the sizes of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 13

Pro: 70S= smaller
Eu: 80S= bigger

Question 14

What don’t prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 14

Membrane bound organelles.

Question 15

Why is a plant cell wall made out of?

Answer 15

Cellulose

Question 16

What is fungi’s cell wall made out of?

Answer 16

Chitin.

Question 17

What’s the difference between the flagella on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 17

Pro: thinner and don’t have the 9+2 micro tubule arrangement.

Question 18

How is the flagellum attached on a bacteria cell and how does that differ from an animal cell?

Answer 18

Cell membrane of a bacterium by a basal body and is rotated by a molecular motor.
Eukaryotes have a cork screw motion.

Question 19

What turns the ‘motor’ in the flagellum?

Answer 19

Proteins

Question 20

What are heterotrophs, what are their role and how do they do it?

Answer 20

Rely on other organisms as a source of nutrition
Decomposes
Release enzymes into dead organic matter, digest molecules present and reabsorb the useful ones

Question 21

What are autotrophs, what 2 groups are there and how do they gain nutrition?

Answer 21

Can synthesis their own organic molecules.
Photoautrophs and chemoautopteophs.

Question 22

What are photoautrophs , how do they carry out nutrition and what features do they have which enable that?

Answer 22

Carry out photosynthesis.
Use light energy in a similar way to plants but they don’t have chloroplasts instead they have pigments located in the folded membranes.

Question 23

What are chemoaytoptrophs, how they gain nutrition?

Answer 23

Simple organic substances in order to make organic molecules and to gain nervy.

Question 24

Why extra structures are in an animal cell?

Answer 24

Micro tubules.
Centrioles
Micro filaments
Lysosomes
SER
Small vacuole
Secretory vesicle
Peroxisome
Golgi vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Nucleouls
RER
Intermediate filament

Question 25

Where is cilia found?

Answer 25

Trachea and boronchi

Question 26

How is cilia attached?

Answer 26

Beneath the membrane

Question 27

How do he cilia move and how do they perform their function?

Answer 27

Beat in a synchronised way, move mucus over the cell nodules to the bc, of the throat which is then swallowed.

Question 28

Where is the microvilli found?

Answer 28

Folds in the surface membrane.

Question 29

Why cells are microvilli found in?

Answer 29

Cells lining the small intestine.

Question 30

What does microvilli makes?

Answer 30

Large surface area which increase the rate of absorption across the membrane.

Question 31

What is 5e role of the flagellum?

Answer 31

Move the cell forwards.

Question 32

What extra structures are in the plant cell?

Answer 32

SER Golgi apparatus Plasmodesmata RER Nuclear envelope.

Question 33

In. Plant cell what is the membrane around the vacuole called?

Answer 33

Tonoplast

Question 34

Function of plasma membrane?

Answer 34

Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell. Receptor Kole uses which allows it to respond to chemicals

Question 35

Function of cell wall?

Answer 35

Support plant cells

Question 36

Function of nucleus?

Answer 36

Co tells cell activity DNA contains instructions for proteins Pores allow substances to move between nculeay and cytoplasms. Nucleus . Makes ribosomes.

Question 37

Function of ribosomes?

Answer 37

Site where proteins are made

Question 38

Function of RER?

Answer 38

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.

Question 39

Function of SER?

Answer 39

Synthesis and processes of lipids.

Question 40

Function of vesicle?

Answer 40

Yea slots substances in and out of cell and between organelles. Some formed by Golgi apparatus or endiplasyic reticulum whilst some formed at cell surfce

Question 41

Function of lysosomes?

Answer 41

Digestive enzymes. Kept separate from cytoplasm by surround membrane Use to digest invading cells or break down worn out component of the cell nodules

Question 42

Function of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 42

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins it Lao make lysosomes.

Question 43

Function of mitochondria?

Answer 43

Aerobic respiration ATP produced. Large numbers very active require and lot of energy

Question 44

Function of chloroplast?

Answer 44

Photosynthesis Parts happen in the grana some in stroma- thick fluid

Question 45

Function of centriole?

Answer 45

Involved with separation of Chromosomes during cell division

Question 46

How are centrioles arranged and what is that arrangement called?

Answer 46

One pair in each cell. Arranged at right angles to each other. Centrosome.

Question 47

Function of cilia?

Answer 47

Microtubules allow the cilia to move. Movement is used by cell to move substances during cell surface.

Question 48

What is the arrangement of cilia?

Answer 48

9 + 2

Question 49

Function of flagellum?

Answer 49

Microtubules contract to me the flagellum move Are used outboard like motors to propel cell forwards

Question 50

Cytoskeleton: what is it?

Answer 50

Network of protein threads running through cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

Question 51

Cytoskeleton: what are the protein threads made from?

Answer 51

Mixture of microfiliaments, Microtubules and intermediate fibres.

Question 52

Cytoskeleton: microfiliaments- what is it made from?

Answer 52

Actin

Question 53

Cytoskeleton: microfilaments- what is the size of each one?

Answer 53

7nm

Question 54

Cytoskeleton: microfilaments- what is its function?

Answer 54

Support and mechanical strength to a cell to keep its shape. Whole cell to move. Split cell into 2 daughter cells at the end of mitosis.

Question 55

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- what is it made up from?

Answer 55

Tubulin

Question 56

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- why is the size of each one?

Answer 56

18-30nm

Question 57

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules- what is the function of them?

Answer 57

Move organelles through cytoplasm from one part to another. Form a track for organelles and vesicles to move along. Shape and support Make up spindle needed for chromosomes movement during mitosis/ meiosis. Make up cilia, flagella and centrioles

Question 58

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- why do these make up?

Answer 58

Variety of proteins

Question 59

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- how wide are they?

Answer 59

10nm

Question 60

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- what do they do in the cytoplasm?

Answer 60

Anchor the nucleus.

Question 61

Cytoskeleton: intermediate fibres- what do they extend between and what is the point of it?

Answer 61

Between cells helping anchor cells in place together on a basement membrane stabilising the structure of tissues.