cell structure

Question 1

what is a eukaryote give examples

Answer 1

These are (mostly) multicellular organisms made up ofeukaryotic cellslike animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Question 2

what are prokaryotes and give examples

Answer 2

These are single-celled organisms made up ofprokaryotic cellslike bacteria.

Question 3

why is eukaryotes more complex than prokaryotes

Answer 3

contain membrane-bound organelles, and have their DNA in the form of chromosomes within a nucleus.

Question 4

what are teh 8 things found in an animal cell

Answer 4

rer
ser
mitochondria
lysosome
ribosome
nuclues
nucleolus
golgi apparatus

Question 5

what are the 4 things found in the nucleus

Answer 5

nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
chromatin
nucleolus

Question 6

what is the structure of the nucleus

Answer 6

Containsgenetic informationin the form of chromosomes.

Contains a structure known as anucleolus.

Surrounded by anuclear envelope(double membrane) containingpores.

Question 7

what are the functions of the nucleus

Answer 7

Functions:

Controlling the cell’s activities- The DNA contains instructions to produce proteins.

Synthesis of ribosomes- The nucleolus makes ribosomal RNA.

Exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm- Substances can enter or leave the nucleus via the nuclear pores.

Question 8

what is another name for cell surface membrane

Answer 8

plasma membrane

Question 9

what is the structure of cell surface membrane

Answer 9

Found on the surface of animal cells.

Mainly made up of lipids and protein.

Question 10

what are functions of the cell surface membrane

Answer 10

Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell- The membrane is partially permeable.

Cell signalling- Receptors can detect signals from other cells.

Question 11

what are teh 3 structures of the mitochondria

Answer 11

Contain an enzyme-rich liquid known as the matrix.

Surrounded by a double membrane in which the inner membrane is folded to form structures known as cristae.

Contain their own DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes.

Question 12

what are 6 things the mitochondria has and picture it

Answer 12

the inner membrane
the outer membrane
the inner membrane space
the dna
the ribosomes
matrix

Question 13

what is the function of the mitochondria

Answer 13

Site of aerobic respiration- Produces ATP.

Question 14

what is the amount of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells

Answer 14

80S ribosomes

Question 15

what are the 3 structures of ribosomes

Answer 15

Made up of proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).

Consist of a large and a small subunit.

Not surrounded by a membrane.

Question 16

what is the function of ribosomes

Answer 16

Site of protein synthesis- Involved in the process of translation.

Question 17

what does the golgi apparatus consist of

Answer 17

cisternae and vesicles

Question 18

what is the structure of golgi apparatus

Answer 18

Contain fluid-filled, membrane-bound sacs known as cisternae.

Contain smaller vesicles.

Question 19

what is the function of golgi apparatus

Answer 19

Process and package lipids and proteins- Carried out by the cisternae.

Store and transport lipids and proteins- Carried out by the vesicles.

Synthesise lysosomes- Specialised vesicles.

Question 20

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum contain

Answer 20

cisternae and ribosomes

Question 21

what are the 2 structures of the rer

Answer 21

Contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space, known as cisternae.

The surface of the cisternae is covered with ribosomes.

Question 22

what is the function of rer

Answer 22

Synthesis and transport of proteins- The proteins are made using the ribosomes.

Question 23

what is the structure of the ser

Answer 23

Same as the rough endoplasmic reticulum without the ribosomes.

Question 24

what is teh function of the ser

Answer 24

Synthesis, storage, and transport of lipids and carbohydrates- For example, cholesterol and steroid hormones.

Question 25

what are lysosomes

Answer 25

Lysosomes are round organelles with no clear internal structure.

Question 26

what is the structure of the lysosomes

Answer 26

Contain hydrolytic enzymes.  Surrounded by a membrane to keep enzymes separate from the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 27

what is the function of lysosome

Answer 27

Digest pathogens - This process uses enzymes.  Break down waste material - This material includes old organelles and cells. 

Question 28

name the 11 organnelles found in plant cells

Answer 28

ser rer nucleus chroplasts cell membrane cell wall lysosome golgi apparatus permanent vacuole mitochondria ribosomes

Question 29

what does the cell wall do

Answer 29

The cell wall surrounds plant cells to provide a rigid structure. 

Question 30

what is the structure of the cell wall

Answer 30

Made up of cellulose.  Contains channels (gaps) known as plasmodesmata (or plasmodesma if just one). 

Question 31

what is the function of the cell wall

Answer 31

Supports the cell - Contents of the cell press against the cell wall to make it rigid.  Prevents the cell from bursting - The cell wall can withstand high osmotic pressure.  Allows exchange of substances between cells - Plasmodesmata connects neighbouring cells.

Question 32

what is the structure of the chloroplast

Answer 32

Contain fluid-filled sacs known as thylakoids which are stacked up to form grana. Surrounded by a double membrane, enclosing a fluid known as stroma. Contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 33

what is the function of the chloroplast

Answer 33

Site of photosynthesis 

Question 34

where does photosynthesis take place

Answer 34

These reactions take place in the grana and stroma.

Question 35

where does photosynthesis take place

Answer 35

These reactions take place in the grana and stroma.

Question 36

what is the structure of the vacuole

Answer 36

Contains cell sap (solution of sugar and sugars). Surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane known as a tonoplast.

Question 37

what is the function of the vacuole

Answer 37

Helps to maintain pressure within the cell, which keeps the cell rigid and stops the plant from wilting.

Question 38

what are the differences btw fungal and algae cells

Answer 38

algae contain the same organelles as plants cells while fungal cells only have most algae cells contain chloroplasts while fungal cells dont and fungal cells contain cell walls made up of chitin rather than cellulose

Question 39

what are prokaryotes

Answer 39

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, so consist of a single prokaryotic cell. These cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells and do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. 

Question 40

what is the structure of prokaryotic cells

Answer 40

cell surface membrane cell wall plasmids dna pila flagella capsule ribosomes

Question 41

how doe the cell wall differ in prokaryotes

Answer 41

made up of murein but cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi

Question 42

how does the ribosomes differ in prokaryotes

Answer 42

 Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes, which are smaller than the 80S ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells

Question 43

how does the genetic material differ in prokaryotes

Answer 43

In prokaryotic cells, this is mostly found in a large circular strand of DNA (sometimes called a circular chromosome or nucleoid), and some extra genes (like those for antibiotics resistance) are found in smaller loops called plasmids.

Question 44

what is the circular strand of dna called in prokaryotes

Answer 44

nucleoid

Question 45

what is the capsule what is it made from and what does it do

Answer 45

Some prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria) have an extra layer around the cell wall known as a capsule. This structure is made up of polysaccharides and protects the cells from attack by antibiotics or white blood cells.

Question 46

what is the flagellum made from and what does it do

Answer 46

Some prokaryotes contain a long, hair-like structure known as a flagellum.  This structure is attached to the cell membrane and rotates to push the cell through its environment.

Question 47

what is the pili and what does it do

Answer 47

Some prokaryotes contain short, hair-like structures on the cell surface known as pili.  Pili are used for attaching prokaryotic cells to other cells or surfaces.

Question 48

name 6 differnces btw prokayryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 48

cell wall - murine ribosomes - 70s dna - nucleoid unicellular size - 0.1 to 5 um organisms contains a few non membranne bound organelles