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cell structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of cell structure called?

A

Cytology

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2
Q

Why are cells and their structures difficult to see?

A

Cells are too small to see with the naked eye, and cell structures are even smaller.

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

A

Contains genetic material

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4
Q

What surrounds the cell and is selectively permeable?

A

Cell membrane / plasma membrane

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5
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

Name three structures that are part of the cytoskeleton.

A
  • Microtubule
  • Microfilament
  • Intermediate filament
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7
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Cellular structures that increase surface area

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8
Q

What are the components of the centrosome?

A
  • Pericentriolar material
  • Centrioles
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9
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste

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10
Q

What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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11
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

A

Produce energy (ATP)

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12
Q

What is cytoplasm composed of?

A

Cytosol plus organelles except the nucleus

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13
Q

What does the cytosol consist of?

A

Water (fluid solvent) and dissolved solutes (ions, nutrients, gases, wastes, enzymes)

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14
Q

How is the nucleus different from other organelles?

A

It is visible under a light microscope.

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15
Q

What are the two main components of a cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The cytoplasm is the ________ plus organelles except the nucleus.

A

Cytosol

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17
Q

True or False: Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.

A

True

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18
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Cytosol inside a cell

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid contained within the cells of the body.

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19
Q

Where is extracellular fluid found?

A

Outside cells

Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes all body fluids outside of cells.

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20
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid found between cells

Interstitial fluid is a type of extracellular fluid that surrounds tissue cells.

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21
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid portion of blood

Plasma is the component of blood that holds blood cells in suspension.

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22
Q

What are the two main types of body fluid?

A

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

ICF is found within cells, while ECF is found outside cells.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Intracellular fluid is also known as _______.

A

Cytosol

Cytosol is the liquid component of the cytoplasm where various cellular processes occur.

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24
Q

True or False: Plasma is considered a type of intracellular fluid.

A

False

Plasma is part of the extracellular fluid.

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25
What is another name for the plasma membrane?
Plasmalemma ## Footnote The plasma membrane is crucial for maintaining cell structure and function.
26
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Maintains shape of cell, separates cytoplasm and external environment
27
How is the plasma membrane described in terms of permeability?
Selectively permeable or semipermeable
28
What components make up the cell membrane?
* Lipids * Proteins * Carbohydrates
29
What model describes the constant changing form of the cell membrane?
Fluid mosaic model
30
What is a channel protein?
A type of integral protein that allows specific substances to pass through the membrane
31
Fill in the blank: The head of a phospholipid is _______.
Hydrophilic
32
Fill in the blank: The tails of a phospholipid are _______.
Hydrophobic
33
What type of substances can move across the phospholipid bilayer through diffusion?
Nonpolar or lipid-soluble substances
34
What is diffusion?
Random movement of dissolved substances down concentration gradients
35
Which type of substances cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer directly?
Polar or water-soluble substances (e.g., charged ions such as Na+, Cl-)
36
How do charged ions cross the plasma membrane?
* Through membrane protein channels * Actively transported by proteins against gradient requiring energy
37
Why is selectively permeability important for electrically excitable cells?
It allows the internal environment to differ substantially from the external environment
38
Give examples of electrically excitable cells.
* Neurons * Muscle cells
39
What are organelles?
Little organs with characteristic shapes and specific functions ## Footnote Examples include nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
40
What is the largest organelle in a cell?
Nucleus
41
What is the role of the nucleus?
Control center of the cell
42
What surrounds the nucleus?
Membranous nuclear envelope
43
What does the nucleus contain?
Genetic information (DNA)
44
What happens to DNA when the cell is dividing?
DNA is packed as chromosomes - thick, rod-shaped for easy movement
45
What is chromatin?
Thin and diffuse form of DNA when the cell is not dividing
46
What are genes?
Specific regions of a chromosome that carry directions for making specific proteins
47
What are nucleoli?
Dark regions in the nucleus that are sites of ribosome formation
48
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the control center of the cell.
nucleus
49
True or False: The nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure.
True
50
What is the function of the nuclear pore?
Regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus
51
What is a polyribosome?
A cluster of ribosomes translating mRNA
52
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
53
What is the function of ribosomes?
Sites of protein synthesis
54
What are ribosomes?
Smallest and most numerous of cell organelles
55
What are the main components of ribosomes?
Protein and ribosomal RNA (but not membrane)
56
Where are ribosomes found in a cell?
In the nucleus, free-floating in cytosol, or bound to membranes inside the cell
57
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Sites of protein synthesis
58
What are the two subunits of ribosomes?
Large subunit and small subunit
59
What is a complete functional ribosome made of?
A large subunit and a small subunit
60
What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Flatted sacs of lipid bilayers ## Footnote The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network that is extensive throughout the cytoplasm.
61
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER and Smooth ER ## Footnote Each type has distinct functions and structures.
62
What is the primary function of Rough ER?
Makes proteins ## Footnote Ribosomes attach to Rough ER, facilitating protein synthesis.
63
What functions are associated with Smooth ER?
Makes lipids, membranes, detoxifies substances, stores substances ## Footnote Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
64
In which type of cells is Smooth ER particularly abundant?
Liver cells ## Footnote Liver cells require extensive Smooth ER for detoxification processes.
65
True or False: The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network found only in the nucleus.
False ## Footnote The endoplasmic reticulum is extensive throughout the cytoplasm.
66
What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Flatted sacs of lipid bilayers ## Footnote The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network that is extensive throughout the cytoplasm.
67
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER and Smooth ER ## Footnote Each type has distinct functions and structures.
68
What is the primary function of Rough ER?
Makes proteins ## Footnote Ribosomes attach to Rough ER, facilitating protein synthesis.
69
What functions are associated with Smooth ER?
Makes lipids, membranes, detoxifies substances, stores substances ## Footnote Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
70
In which type of cells is Smooth ER particularly abundant?
Liver cells ## Footnote Liver cells require extensive Smooth ER for detoxification processes.
71
True or False: The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network found only in the nucleus.
False ## Footnote The endoplasmic reticulum is extensive throughout the cytoplasm.
72
What is the Golgi apparatus/complex?
Membranous organelle that collects, packages, and distributes proteins produced by rough ER ## Footnote The Golgi apparatus is crucial for processing and modifying proteins before they are sent to their final destinations.
73
What are the two potential fates of proteins processed by the Golgi apparatus?
* Retained and used by the cell * Shipped out of the cell ## Footnote This dual role is essential for cellular function and communication.
74
What is a cistern in the context of the Golgi apparatus?
A flattened membrane-bound structure within the Golgi apparatus ## Footnote Cisternae are where the modification and sorting of proteins occur.
75
What is the role of transfer vesicles in the Golgi apparatus?
Transport materials between the Golgi apparatus and other organelles or the cell membrane ## Footnote They help facilitate the movement of proteins and lipids.
76
What is the Golgi complex combined with?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ## Footnote The Golgi complex works closely with the Endoplasmic Reticulum in the processing and transport of proteins.
77
What is synthesized by ribosomes?
Protein ## Footnote Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.
78
What type of vesicle is involved in transporting proteins?
Transport vesicle ## Footnote Transport vesicles are responsible for moving proteins from one cellular compartment to another.
79
What is the entry face of the Golgi apparatus called?
Cisterna ## Footnote The entry face of the Golgi apparatus is known as the cis face or entry face cisterna.
80
What is the name of the middle section of the Golgi apparatus?
Medial cisterna ## Footnote The medial cisterna is the region of the Golgi apparatus where further processing of proteins occurs.
81
What type of ER is associated with ribosomes?
Rough ER ## Footnote Rough ER is characterized by the presence of ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface, which gives it a 'rough' appearance.
82
What merges with the plasma membrane to facilitate protein export?
Proteins in vesicle membrane ## Footnote The proteins contained within a vesicle merge with the plasma membrane during the exocytosis process.
83
What process exports proteins from the cell?
Exocytosis ## Footnote Exocytosis is the process through which cells expel materials, including proteins, via vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.
84
What is the primary function of secretory vesicles?
Transport proteins ## Footnote Secretory vesicles are specialized for transporting proteins that are to be secreted from the cell.
85
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for packaging proteins for transport.
Golgi complex ## Footnote The Golgi complex processes and packages proteins received from the rough ER.
86
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Site for aerobic cellular respiration ## Footnote Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate energy.
87
What type of cells contain numerous mitochondria?
Cells needing energy ## Footnote Mitochondria are abundant in cells that require significant energy, such as muscle cells.
88
What is the process by which cells generate energy in the form of ATP?
Cellular respiration ## Footnote This process involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
89
What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose and O2 ## Footnote These are the substances that are consumed during cellular respiration.
90
What are the products of cellular respiration?
CO2, H2O, and ATP ## Footnote These are the substances that are produced as a result of cellular respiration.
91
What must mitochondria possess to carry out cellular respiration?
All enzymes necessary for this complicated process ## Footnote Enzymes play a crucial role in facilitating the biochemical reactions involved in cellular respiration.
92
Fill in the blank: Mitochondria are very small, membranous _______ that are numerous in cells needing energy.
organelle ## Footnote Organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.
93
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Site for aerobic cellular respiration ## Footnote Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate energy.
94
What type of cells contain numerous mitochondria?
Cells needing energy ## Footnote Mitochondria are abundant in cells that require significant energy, such as muscle cells.
95
What is the process by which cells generate energy in the form of ATP?
Cellular respiration ## Footnote This process involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
96
What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose and O2 ## Footnote These are the substances that are consumed during cellular respiration.
97
What are the products of cellular respiration?
CO2, H2O, and ATP ## Footnote These are the substances that are produced as a result of cellular respiration.
98
What must mitochondria possess to carry out cellular respiration?
All enzymes necessary for this complicated process ## Footnote Enzymes play a crucial role in facilitating the biochemical reactions involved in cellular respiration.
99
Fill in the blank: Mitochondria are very small, membranous _______ that are numerous in cells needing energy.
organelle ## Footnote Organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.
100
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate ## Footnote ATP is a molecule that carries energy within cells.
101
What is the function of the outer mitochondrial membrane?
It serves as a barrier between the mitochondrion and the cytosol ## Footnote The outer membrane is permeable to small molecules and ions.
102
What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
It contains proteins that perform electron transport and ATP synthesis ## Footnote The inner membrane is highly folded into cristae to increase surface area.
103
What is a ribosome?
A molecular machine that synthesizes proteins ## Footnote Ribosomes can be found free in the cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
104
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions ## Footnote Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions.
105
What is the cytoskeleton of a cell?
A complex arrangement of filamentous proteins involved in cell shape and internal movement.
106
What are cytoskeletal proteins?
Proteins such as microtubules that make up organelles including centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
107
What is the function of centrioles?
Involved in the formation of cilia and flagella, and in microtubule assembly for spindle apparatus during cell division.
108
What are centrioles composed of?
Paired, barrel-shaped organelles made of microtubules.
109
How do sperm cells utilize flagella?
Sperm cells possess a single flagellum that propels them up fallopian tubes to the egg.
110
What is the role of cilia in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract?
They sweep mucus-trapped particles away from the lungs.
111
Fill in the blank: Microtubules are anchored to cells in _______.
cilia and flagella.
112
List the components of the cytoskeleton.
* Microtubule * Microfilament * Intermediate filament
113
What materials are found in the centrosome?
* Pericentriolar material * Centrioles
114
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a barrier to contain the cytoplasm and regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
115
What organelles are involved in the secretory process?
* Secretory vesicle * Golgi complex * Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
116
What is the cytoplasm?
The cytosol plus organelles except the nucleus.
117
What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
118
What is found within the nucleus?
* Chromatin * Nuclear pore * Nucleolus
119
What is the function of mitochondria?
They are responsible for energy production through cellular respiration.
120
True or False: Microvilli are part of the cytoskeleton.
False.
121
What is the function of lysosomes?
They contain enzymes for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
122
Fill in the blank: _______ are involved in detoxifying harmful substances in the cell.
Peroxisomes.
123
What are glycogen granules?
They are storage forms of glucose in the cell.
124
What is the first function of a cell?
Protein synthesis ## Footnote This includes processes such as transcription and translation.
125
What are the two main processes involved in protein synthesis?
* Transcription * Translation ## Footnote Transcription involves creating mRNA from DNA, while translation involves synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
126
What is the second function of a cell?
Cell division ## Footnote This includes the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
127
What are the two types of cell division?
* Mitosis * Meiosis ## Footnote Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
128
What is the third function of a cell?
Cellular respiration ## Footnote This can occur through aerobic or anaerobic processes.
129
What are the two types of cellular respiration?
* Aerobic cellular respiration * Anaerobic cellular respiration ## Footnote Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
130
Fill in the blank: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes is called _______.
Meiosis ## Footnote Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction.
131
What is protein synthesis?
Formation of proteins using genetic information found in DNA nucleotides that make up genes
132
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
133
What is the first step of protein synthesis?
Transcription
134
What is copied during transcription?
DNA sequence of a gene into a single strand of messenger RNA (mRNA)
135
What can mRNA do after transcription?
Leave the nucleus through pores
136
What are the two main steps of protein synthesis?
* Transcription * Translation
137
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
Facilitates translation of RNA into protein
138
What is formed during the translation step?
Protein
139
Fill in the blank: Transcription occurs in the _______.
nucleus
140
True or False: mRNA is formed during translation.
False
141
What is the relationship between DNA and mRNA?
mRNA is a copy of the DNA sequence of a gene
142
What is protein synthesis?
Formation of proteins using genetic information found in DNA nucleotides that make up genes
143
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
144
What is the first step of protein synthesis?
Transcription
145
What is copied during transcription?
DNA sequence of a gene into a single strand of messenger RNA (mRNA)
146
What can mRNA do after transcription?
Leave the nucleus through pores
147
What are the two main steps of protein synthesis?
* Transcription * Translation
148
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
Facilitates translation of RNA into protein
149
What is formed during the translation step?
Protein
150
Fill in the blank: Transcription occurs in the _______.
nucleus
151
True or False: mRNA is formed during translation.
False
152
What is the relationship between DNA and mRNA?
mRNA is a copy of the DNA sequence of a gene
153
What is the second step of protein synthesis?
Translation
154
Where does translation occur?
At free ribosomes or at ribosomes of rough ER
155
What forms peptide bonds during translation?
mRNA and transfer RNA
156
What do peptide bonds form?
Polypeptides
157
What dictates the formation of polypeptides?
Directions of mRNA nucleotide sequence
158
What is the first step of protein synthesis?
Transcription
159
Where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
160
Which molecule is produced during transcription?
RNA
161
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
To facilitate translation
162
Fill in the blank: Translation translates the language of _______ into the language of proteins.
nucleic acids
163
What is the significance of the nuclear pore in transcription?
It allows RNA to exit the nucleus
164
What is the relationship between mRNA and proteins?
mRNA provides the instructions for protein synthesis
165
True or False: Translation occurs in the nucleus.
False
166
What is the end product of translation?
Proteins
167
What is the primary purpose of cell division?
To produce more cells
168
What do all living things composed of tissues start off as?
One cell - fertilized egg
169
What is the main type of cell division?
Mitosis
170
What does mitosis produce?
Two genetically identical daughter cells
171
What do the daughter cells produced by mitosis have in common?
The exact same DNA and chromosome number (unless mutation)
172
Why is mitosis important?
For bone growth in children, hair growth, and tissue repair
173
Where does mitosis occur?
In stem cells such as hair follicle, skin, and red bone marrow
174
Does mitosis occur in permanent cells?
No, it does not occur in permanent cells like neurons
175
What is the function of centrosomes in cell division?
To organize microtubules during cell division
176
Fill in the blank: Mitosis is a type of cell division for ________, repair, and replacement.
[growth]
177
What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse gametes
178
What cellular structures are found in the centrosome?
Centrioles
179
What is the structure that organizes microtubules during cell division?
Centrosome ## Footnote The centrosome contains centrioles and pericentriolar material.
180
What are the cylindrical structures found within the centrosome?
Centrioles ## Footnote Centrioles are involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle.
181
What is the material surrounding the centrioles in the centrosome?
Pericentriolar material ## Footnote This material plays a role in microtubule organization.
182
What is the dense structure within the nucleus responsible for ribosome synthesis?
Nucleolus ## Footnote The nucleolus is a site of rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly.
183
What structure encloses the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm?
Nuclear envelope ## Footnote The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayers.
184
What is the complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus called?
Chromatin ## Footnote Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
185
What is the outer boundary of the cell that regulates entry and exit of substances?
Plasma membrane ## Footnote The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
186
What is the fluid component of the cytoplasm called?
Cytosol ## Footnote Cytosol is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended.
187
What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the cell preparing for division?
INTERPHASE ## Footnote During interphase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
188
What is the term for the region where two sister chromatids are joined?
Centromere ## Footnote The centromere is crucial for the proper alignment and separation of chromatids.
189
What is the structure that forms during cell division to separate the two daughter cells?
Cleavage furrow ## Footnote The cleavage furrow is formed during cytokinesis.
190
What are the structures that pull chromosomes apart during cell division?
Mitotic spindle ## Footnote The mitotic spindle is made up of microtubules.
191
What phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes lining up at the cell's equator?
METAPHASE ## Footnote During metaphase, chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate.
192
Fill in the blank: The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart is called _______.
ANAPHASE ## Footnote Anaphase follows metaphase and precedes telophase.
193
What phase of mitosis is characterized by the reformation of the nuclear envelope?
TELOPHASE ## Footnote Telophase marks the end of mitosis and the beginning of cytokinesis.
194
True or False: Chromosomes are made up of two chromatids joined at the centromere.
True ## Footnote Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids until they are separated.
195
What is the other type of cell division besides mitosis?
Meiosis ## Footnote Meiosis occurs only in gonads, such as testes and ovaries.
196
Where does meiosis occur?
In gonads - testes and ovaries ## Footnote Meiosis is crucial for producing gametes.
197
What are gametes and how many chromosomes do they have?
Gametes are eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes, genetically unique ## Footnote They contain a mix of both parents' genes.
198
What happens when two gametes fuse?
The number of chromosomes is restored ## Footnote This leads to the formation of a zygote.
199
Are cells capable of dividing always dividing?
No ## Footnote Cells capable of dividing are not always in the process of division.
200
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
Cell division, time for special function, prep for next cell division ## Footnote These phases ensure proper cell function and division.
201
What is cellular respiration?
The process used by cells to convert food energy into ATP for cellular activities ## Footnote It involves mitochondria.
202
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -> CO2 + water + ATP ## Footnote This equation summarizes the process of converting glucose into energy.
203
What is ATP and what does it do?
Adenosine triphosphate stores energy in high energy phosphate bonds ## Footnote ATP is used to fuel various cellular reactions.
204
How is energy obtained in cellular respiration?
By breaking glucose bonds ## Footnote This process releases energy used for cellular functions.
205
What are the two types of cellular respiration?
Aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration ## Footnote Each type has different requirements and energy outputs.
206
What is required for aerobic cellular respiration?
Oxygen ## Footnote This type is more efficient, producing 36 ATP molecules per glucose.
207
What is produced in anaerobic cellular respiration in humans?
Lactic acid ## Footnote This occurs in the absence of oxygen and is less efficient.
208
How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose in anaerobic respiration?
Only 2 molecules ## Footnote This process is considered inefficient compared to aerobic respiration.
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