Cells Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
order of smallest units to largest
A
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
2
Q
Smallest living unit
A
cell
3
Q
Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote
A
eukaryote has membrane-bound organelles
4
Q
Why multicellularity
A
Diffusion drives it, we can do many things at once, maintaining homeostasis, specialization, easily replace damaged parts
5
Q
Characteristics of all cells
A
surrounding membrane, protoplasm, organelles, control center with DNA
6
Q
Basal surface/Basement membrane
A
floor, bottom
7
Q
Apical surface
A
touching liquid, faces away from basal surface
8
Q
Lateral surface
A
touching neighboring cell
9
Q
Organells are
A
cellular machinery
10
Q
2 types of organelles are
A
derived from membraes, bacteria like
11
Q
3 basic components of cell
A
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm
12
Q
Plasma membrane is mostly
A
lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
13
Q
Plasma membrane and cholesterol relationship
A
You need just the right amount, too much or too little doesn’t work well
14
Q
plasma membrane has a —– side and a —– side
A
hydrophobic and hydrophilic
15
Q
Plasma membrane protines
A
transmembrane and peripheral
16
Q
Transmembrane protine is for
A
transport
17
Q
peripheral protine is for
A
anchoring to the skeleton
18
Q
Carbohydrates in the plasma membrane are for
A
surface lubrication, receptors, recognition, cushion, protection
19
Q
4 types of transport/movement
A
diffusion, filtration, facilitated,vesicular
20
Q
Passive transport
A
no energy required
21
Q
Active transport
A
needs energy, vesicular is only active transport
22
Q
The cytoplasm is
A
organelles
23
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
organelle, filaments and tubules for movement
24
Q
Microvilli
A
organelle, microfilament folds to increase surface area
25
centrioles
used at poles in cell division (mitosis)
26
Cilia
Short oars, movement
27
Flagella
long whips,
28
Ribosomes
type of RNA used in protine synthesis
29
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis, store, transport
30
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane manufacture (in and out)
31
Lysosomes
Digestive enzymes, autolysis, defense
32
Mitochondria
Aerobic Respiration
33
Nucleus
double membrane structure, DNA
34
Stem cells are
immature cells, can develop into one or more types of specialized cells
35
Adult stem cells
In most organs, can be unipotent or multipotent
36
Embryonic stem cells
Most flexible stem cells in what they can be, can be pluripotent or totipotent
37
Pluripotent stem cells
only can become embryo
38
Totipotent stem cells
can become any type, even placenta
39
Squamous cells
thin and flat, looks like a fried egg, good for diffision
40
Cuboidal cells
Cube shaped,
41
Columnar
taller then wide, found in inner linings
42
Polygonal Cells
Irregular shaped
43
Discoidal Cells
Disc-shaped, found in red blood cells
44
Stellate cells
Starish shape, nervous cells
45
Fusiform (spindle shape) cells
Spindle, elongated, thick middle, seen in smooth muscle cells
46
Fibrous cells
long and slender, in skeleton muscles
47
Spheroidal cells
Round/oval shaped, found in white blood cells and eggs
48
Basal Surface
upper surface of the cell
49
Apical surface
Lower surface of a cell
50
Lateral Surface
Sides of the cell
51
Major cell components
The plasma membrane and cytoplasm
52
Plasma membrane
Forms cells surface boundary
53
Cytoplasm
inclosed in the plasma membrane
54
Cytoskeleton
Supportive framework of proteins/organelles
55
organelles
diverse structures perform metabolic tasks
56
Inclusions
foreign matter/stored cell products
57
cytosol
clear gel that covers the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions, also called intracellular fluid
58
Plasma membrane jobs
amazing at self-repair, defines boundaries of all, governs interactions with other cells, controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell
59
intracellular matrix
side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm
60
Extracellular matrix
side of the plasma membrane that faces away from cytoplasm
61
membrane lipids make up
90-99% of the molecules in the membrane
62
Phospholipids heads and tails
tails are hydrophobic, heads are hydrophilic
63
Phospholipids are
3 carbon backbone called glycerol with a fatty acid tails attached to 2 carbons and a phosphate head attached to the other carbon
64
3 types of membrane lipids
75% phospholipids, 20% cholesterol, and 5% glycolipids
65
Cholesterol
20% of membrane lipids, interact with phospholipids and keep them in place, need the correct amount, too much or too less will make the phospholipids too packed or loose
66
Glycolipids
phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains connecting them, only on extracellular face
67
Membrane Proteins
2 main types, integral and peripheral
68
Integral proteins
Penetrate partially to the phospholipid bilayer, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers, most are glycoprotines
69
Peripheral proteins
don't go into the phospholipid layer, adhere to either face of the membrane
70
Membrane Transport is very important for
membranes to control passage of what comes in and out of the cells
71
6 ways for membrane transport
filtration, simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, vesicular transport
72
Filtration
physical pressure forces fluid through the membrane, passive transport requires no ATP/energy
73
Simple diffusion
movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration down a concentration gradient, passive transport requires no ATP/energy
74
Osmosis
Net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane from the more watery side to the less watery side, passive transport requires no ATP/energy
75
Facilitated diffusion
carrier-mediated transport, employs transport proteins in the plasma membrane, movement of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient with the aid of a carrier, passive transport requires no ATP/energy
76
Active Transport
Carrier-mediated transport up a concentration gradient, active transport needs energy/ATP
77
Vascular Transport
cells move large particles/drops of fluid through the membrane in bubble-like vesicles, if it brings in its endocytosis, if brings out its exocytosis
78
Microvilli
extension of plasma membrane, purpose it to extend surface area, gives cells more absorbing area
79
Cilla and Flagella
cilla are hairlike on cell, could be sensort, only functional flagella in humans are sperm tails
80
pseudopods
Cytoplasm filled extensions of the cell
81
glycocalyx
fuzzy surface coat on cells make of short sugar chains, helps body tell own cells from invators
82
Cellular junctions 3 types
tight junctions, desmosomes junctions, gap junctions
83
cellular junctions are
at cell surface, links cells together and attach them to extraceulluar matrix
84
Tight junctions
Completely encircle on epithelial cell near atypical matrix and joins it tightly (zipper)
85
Desosome junctions
A protine patch that holds cells together tightly at specific points (button)
86
Gap junctions
formed by connective tissue, for passing info, doesn't really connect cells
87
Cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments and tubules that structurally support a cell, organize, determine the shape, and direct movement
88
Organelles, Nucleus
largest organelle, contains chromosomes/DNA, produces ribosomes,
89
Organelles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
little network in cytoplasm is interconnected channels (cisterns) enclosed by a membrane
90
Rough ER
the network made of parallel flattened cisterns covered in ribosomes, synthesis protine
91
Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes, more tubular, detoxifys
92
Organelles, Ribosomes
small granules of protine and RNA found in cytosol, rough ER, nuclear envelope, nuclei, and mitochondria
93
Organelles, golgi complex
group cisterns that synthesize carbs/lipids and finish protein/glycoprotein synthesis
94
Organelles, Proteasomes
deal with protine disposal
95
Organelles, lysosomes
package of enzymes inclosed in membrane, destroys things/breaks down things
96
Organelles, peroxisomes
resemble lysomes but have different enzymes/not produced in gogli
97
Organelle, Mitochondria
specializes in aerobic respiration which synthesizes ATP
98
Organelle, centrioles
play role in cell division
99
Inclusions
foreign matter like bacteria/virus or accumulated cell products
100
Stem Cells
immature cells with ability to mature to specialized cells
101
Adult Stem Cells
exist in most body organs, unipotent can only be one cell type, multipotent can be ,may cell types
102
Embryonic Stem Cells
are pluripotent, can become any cell
