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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

all organisms share

A

conserved developmental mechanisms that are evidence of a common ancestor

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2
Q

all vertebrate embryos have

A

similar structures, they can be changed or lost through development

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3
Q

Developmental biology is

A

the study of the process when a cell divides and selectively activates expression of genes to produce organisms

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4
Q

processes required to form an embryo

A

gametes form and fuse, cells multiply, generation of asymmetry, axis determination, cells differentiate, structures are built

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5
Q

cellular machinery is largely made up of

A

protine

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6
Q

different cells have different proteins due to

A

different tasks

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7
Q

differentiation

A

all cells have the same DNA, different cells express different genes

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8
Q

mosaic development

A

cells aquire a fixed ID that they maintain, no going back to stem cell stage

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9
Q

regulative/conditional development

A

cells are flexible and alter based on environmental needs

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10
Q

cytoplasmic specification

A

cue that causes differentiation, differential arrangement of stuff in the cytoplasm affects development or gene expression, something inside the cell turns on/off gene expression

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11
Q

induction

A

cues that cause differentiation, something outside the cell turns on/off gene expression, other cell products and relations influence cells differentiation/ expression

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12
Q

morphogens

A

agents of change

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13
Q

Hox genes

A

master switches that regulate other genes, highly conserved across species

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14
Q

Hox gene example

A

put a mouse eye hox gene in fly leg, fly will grow fly eye in fly leg

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15
Q

3 methods of induction

A

cell to cell contact, paracrine and endocrine communication, and local changes in ECF

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16
Q

cell to cell contact

A

signal passes directly from one cell to its attached neighbor

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17
Q

paracrine and endocrine communication

A

morphogens diffuse to adjacent cells, early in development is paracrine

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18
Q

local changes extracelluar fluid

A

happens from the envoirment in adults

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19
Q

how do cells know to activate what gene when

A

parents, neighbors, environmental cues

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20
Q

induction is a

A

cascade, many things happen at once, many things happening change other things happening

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21
Q

you can only respond to induction when

A

your competent, able to respond, you cant be differentiated and you must have resources to respond

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22
Q

as differentiation happens cells lose

A

compitence for induction

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23
Q

gametes are

A

sex cells, how we reduce the chromosomal number by 1/2, formed by meiosis

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24
Q

gametogenesis is

A

how we produce gametes, oogenesis in females, spermatogenesis in males

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25
spermatogenesis
you get 4 equal spermates
26
oogenisis
only goes through meiosis 1 unless fertilized
27
meiosis
divides diploid stem cells with 46 chromosomes to 23, gives us genetic diversity
28
cilla move egg
down falopian tube to be fertalized
29
capacitation
preparation of the sperm as they move through the female track to become capable of fertilization, sperm ahead extra protective layers, freshly ejaculated sperm cannot fertilize egg
30
acrosome reaction
releases enzymes from acrosome to penetrate oocute, happens when sperm hits egg
31
very few amount of sperm reaches egg
go wrong way, die, bad tails, female reporductive system hostile and attacks them
32
fertilization happens when
the sperm and egg join in the fallopian tube, the tail of sperm does not enter egg, paternal mitochondira dies, only use maternial
33
its important that only one sperm fertilizes egg because
do not want extra chromosomes
34
fast block to stop extra sperm from fertilizing
binding of 1st sperm triggers change in electrical charge, sperm are repelled
35
slow block to stop extra sperm from fertilizing
egg secretes, swells with water, fertilization membrane is formed, lifts off and pushes away sperm
36
To become zygote now
egg completes meiosis 2 to get rid of 2nd polar body, pronuclei enlarge and mix
37
human gestation start and end
starts with fertilization ends with birth
38
how long is human gestation
266 days/38 weeks
39
all products of conception are
concepsus
40
1st trimester
most dangerous, 1-12 weeks, more then 1/2 the embryos don't make it past this trimester
41
2nd trimester
week 13-24, organogenisis starts, fetus looks more human
42
3rd trimester
week 25 to birth, have evverything fetus is just growing
43
3 main clinical stages
preembryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetus stage
44
preembryonic stage 3 main phases
cleavage, implantation, embryogenisis
45
cleavage
mitotic divisions, more cells, not getting larger,
46
trophoblast
outside layer of blastocyst
47
blastocyct
what is implanting
48
blastocoel is
center cavity
49
embryoblast
inner mass of cells, will become embryo
50
implantation
blastocyst attached to uterin wall
51
embryogenisis
embryoblast undergoes this durrig implantation, forms 3 main layers, endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
52
embryonic state
embryo grows rappidly, accesory organs form, organogenisis happens
53
embryo folding
covers embryo with ectoderm
54
nurolation
formation of the nural tube
55
pharynegeal pouches and arches
middle ear, tnsil, ect
56
somites
paired mesoderm clusters, segmentation of vertabrates, scienotome, vertabral collum, myotome, trunk muscle, dermatome, dermis/subcutanious
57
organogenisis
formation of organs, foling of embryo around yolk sac greats gut, coelom forms and divides
58
extraembryonic membranes, Amnion
epiblast cells and amniotic fluid, filled with plasma from mom and fetus, gives symmetry, free movement for exercise, lung development, protection, heat regulation
59
extraembryonic membranes, yolk sac
hypoblast, first blood cells come from here, stemm cells of gameotogenisis, vitelline circulation until week 12
60
extraembryonic membranes, allantois
forms from yolk sac, forms umbelical cord and bladder, highly vascular, exchanges waste/gases
61
extraembryonic membranes, chorion
fetal placenta
62
Prechoral plate
first wave of migrant cells (mesendoderma cells), head organiser, source of important signals, especially shh, source of signals important for survival
63
notochord plate
secondary wave of migrant cells, major axial signaling center of trunk, produces shh
64
prenatal nutrition, uterin milk
extracellular fluid, very low energy, not doing much, first source of nutrition before implantation
65
prenatal nutrition, trophoblast nutrition
happens from implantation, dominant mode week 1-8
66
prenatal nutrition, viltenline circulation
gives nutrition till week 12, yolk sac
67
prenatal nutrition, placenta nutrition
nutriants from mother blood diffuse through placenta into fetal blood, most nutrition from here, gets fetus large fast
68
Umbelical cord
2 umbelical artiers to placent, 1 vein back to fetus, no mixing blood, diffusion is across chronic villi
69
fetal stage
end of week 8, major organs present, rapid growth, human charactoristics become more distinct
70
spontanious abortions
earlier are most common, happens when something goes wrong in division, high percent of chromosomal defects in spontaneous abortions, most due to fetus not being viable/sever birth defects
71
birth defects
congenital anomaly, abnormal structure of organ at birth resulting in defevt from prenatal development
72
Mutagens change
DNA structure
73
Mutagens
substances that change genetic info of organism by changing DNA, often carcinogens
74
anuploidy
errors in division, abnormal # of chromosmomes, nondisjunction, failure to separate chromosomes during meiosis
75
tertagens
agents that cause anatomical deformites or harm to fetus/embryo during pregnancy
76
tetragens are
chemicals, drugs, radiation, infectious desies
77
suseptability to tetragens
depends on timing and genome sensitivity, developmental stages deadly/most effect, fetus stage could have no effect

Anatomy (6 decks)

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