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Histology Flashcards

(129 cards)

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1
Q

What are tissues

A

Collection of cells working together to perform a specific function, building blocks or organs

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue is

A

Avascular tightly packed cells form boundaries between external environment and inside

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue supported by

A

Connective tissue or else its dead because its avascular, need to receive nutrients

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4
Q

Why don’t we have blood vessels in epithelial tissue

A

it would be like holes in the perimeter, anything can get through like pathogens

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5
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions

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6
Q

How to classify epithelial tissue

A

Determine how many layers and the shape of the cells

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7
Q

E.T 1 layer of cells i

A

simple

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8
Q

E.T multiple layers of cells is

A

stratified

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9
Q

E.T multiple layers of cells are

A

stratified

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10
Q

Pseudostratified ET

A

the cells are of different hight, nucleus don’t line up, looks like more then one layer but is only one

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11
Q

Cell shapes of E.T

A

Squamous-egg, cubodial-cube, columnar-rectangular long columns

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12
Q

Simple E.T is located where

A

diffusion happens rapidly

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13
Q

Stratified E.T located where

A

Areas requiring protection from hostile enviorment

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14
Q

E.T intercellular connections

A

Attachment to ET cells, connecting one side to another

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15
Q

ET gap junctions

A

Communication, interlocking membrane proteins, not for connecting physically for passing info

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16
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Fusion of external lipid layers, tight zipper, nothing can pass through

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

Fine protein filaments in and out, structurally the soundest

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18
Q

Basement membrane

A

Attached epithelial tissue to what its over

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19
Q

Basement membrane functions

A

attachment to other tissues, resists passage of large molecules, strengthens against distortion

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20
Q

Basal Lamina

A

secreted by ET cells, made of collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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21
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

Secreted by CT cells, reticular and elastin fibers

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22
Q

ET cells maintenance and repair

A

exposed cells to the environment often die so stem cells provide replacements

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23
Q

ET cell surface organelles

A

Microvilli, motile cilia, primary cilium

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24
Q

Microvilli

A

abundant in transport cells, dramatically increase surface area (diffusion), found in intestinal lining/kidney tubes

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25
Motile Cilia
Beat in a coordinated fashion and move fluid along surface, found in airways
26
Primary cilium
Signaling
27
Glandular Epithelia
can be unicellular or multicelluar
28
Endocrine Glands
secrete substances directly into intracellular spaces where they diffuse into capillaries (inside secrete)
29
Exocrine Glands
Secrete substances into duct leading to the exterior (Outside)
30
Endocrine Glands Structure
No ducts but lots of blood vessles
31
Exocrine Glands structure
Systems of ducts, enclosed in fibrous capsule (for protection since it goes outside), divided into lobes, vessels, and nerves in specific parts
32
Parenchyma
cells that produce the secretions
33
Stroma
CT that supports the glandular tissue
34
Exocrine Secretions 4 types
Serous glands, mucous glands, mixed glands, cytogenic glands
35
Serous glands
thin watery fluids, sweat/tears
36
Mucous glands
mucin absorbs water to make mucus
37
Mixed glands
both serous and mucous, some salivary
38
Cytogenic glands
Secrete whole cells, testes/ovarys
39
3 methods of exocrine gland secretion
Merocine, holocrine, apocrine
40
Merocrine glands
exocytosis, tear glands/pancrease
41
Holocrine glands
entire cell, oil-producing glands of scalp, build up in cell, explode out
42
Apocrine Glands
Manly merocrine, mammary/axillary glands
43
Keratinized ET
Has dead cells in the apical layer, specialized to reduce water loss
44
Nonkaratinized
living cells in the apical layer specialized to provide lubrication
45
4 main types of tissue in the body
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
46
tissues are composed of
cells and matrix
47
ET normally found in
inner linings, the external surface
48
ET main purposes
Protection, secretion, excretion, and absorbtion
49
ET is mostly
Cells, little matrix
50
Basment membrane
Between ET and CT, anchors ET to CT, helps regulate exchanges
51
Transitional ET
in the bladder, both simple and stratified when its full or empty
52
Connective tissue less
cells, more matrix
53
connective tissue is vascular or avascular
vasular
54
most abundant type of tissue
connective
55
Functions of connective tissue
Binding organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat protection, transport
56
Parts of CT
specialized cells, ground substance, fibers, mostly matrix
57
Fiberous connective tissue is
most diverse type, almost all types of CT have fiberous
58
Cells in Fiberous CT
fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
59
Fibroblasts
produce fibers/ground substance, form matrix
60
Macrophages
destroys things, activate the immune system
61
leukocytes
white blood cells, attack bacteria
62
plasma cells
synthesise antibodys
63
mast cells
secrete chemicals, small cells, start the immune system process
64
adipocytes
fat cells
65
Fibers in fibrous connective tissue
collagenous, Reticular, Elastic
66
Collagenous Fibers
made up of collagen, tough and flexible, found in tendons/ligaments
67
Reticular Fibers
thin collagen fibers covered in glycoprotein, spongelike framework for organs
68
Elastic Fibers
made of protine elastin and coated with glycoprotein, thinner then collagenous, branch and rejoin, stretch and recoil
69
Ground Substance
occupies empty space in living tissue, gelatinous, protects and lubricates
70
mesenchymal cells
stem cells, that respond to injury/infection
71
Lymphocytes
plasma cells, immunity
72
ground substance 3 main components
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins
73
glycosaminoglycans
lubercant and resist pathogens
74
proteoglycans
combine with water, compression
75
adhesive glycoproteins
bind components together, guide for cell mirgration
76
Fiberous/proper CT 2 main types
loose and dence
77
Loose areolar tissue
located under epithelial, binds ET to deeper tissues, provides nutrients, waste removal, immune defense, mostly collagen, most widely distributed
78
Loose Reticular tissue
lymph nodes, supportive framework to lymphatic systems, forms around delicate cells/structures
79
Dense Regular
tendons/ligaments, lots of collagen, high strength one way cause it goes in one direction, mostly fibroblasts, very little ground substance,
80
Dense irregular
lots of collagen, no directionality, hard to tear, lines organs/in deep dermis
81
Adipose 2 types
brown and white
82
Adipose CT
fat, made of adiopocytes, highly vascular because metabolically active, for energy storage/insulation
83
White adipocytes
more abundant in adults, provides thermal insulation, anchors/ cushions organs
84
brown adipocytes
mostly in fetus/infants/childred, generates heat by oxidizing fat
85
fluid CT
waterly matrix, blood and lymphatic
86
Supporting CT
very densly packed fibers, gel or calcified matrix
87
cartillage CT
stiff Ct with flexible rubbery matrix, produced by stem cells called chondroblasts, no blood vessels, intermediate between dense reg CT and bone
88
because cartillage is avascular it
takes forever to heal
89
3 main types of cartillage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
90
hyaline cartillage
few visible fibers, ease joint movement, over ends of bones
91
elastic cartilage
flexible, ears, cells nestled in fibers
92
fibrocartilage
disks, shock absorbing, more fiber then cells
93
Bone 2 types
sponge or compact
94
bone is
osseous tissue, hard calcified tissue
95
spongey bone
fills heads of long bones, middle layer of flat bones
96
compact bone
external surface of all bones,vascular
97
blood
fluid CT, transports cells/disolved matter, has more ground substance then cells
98
Erythocytes
red blood cells, most abundant, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
99
leukocytes
white blood cells, defend against infection/desises
100
platelets
small cell fragments
101
nervous tissue
specialized in communication using electrical and chemical signals
102
dendrites
input region of neuron
103
soma
the main body containing nucleous
104
axons
long output arm of nuron
105
synapse
region between neurons
106
3 types of muscle tissue
smooth cardiac skeletol
107
skeletol
long thread like, striated, voluntary control
108
cardiac
striated, not voluntary, heart, branched, has intercalated disks
109
smooth
not striated, not voluntary,tappered at end
110
secretion
useful to body like hormones
111
excretion
not useful to body, urine
112
exocrine glands
maintine contact with surface with duct
113
endocrine glands
lose contact with surface, haven no ducts
114
cutanious membrane
skin
115
musous membrane
exterior, lines passageways to openings,
116
serous membrane
interior,
117
synovial
only CT, joints, lubercation
118
endothelium
lines circulatory system
119
hyperplasia
tissues grow through cell multiplication (children)
120
hypertrophy
enlargement of preexsisting cells
121
neoplasma
development of tumor
122
differentation
development of more specialized form/function
123
metaplasia
change from one type of mature tissue to another
124
regeneration
replacement of dead/damaged tissue by same type of cell as before
125
fibrosis
replacement of tissue with scar tissue, doesnt restore function
126
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue through loss of size/number
127
necrosis
premature pathological death of tissue due to trama/infection
128
infraction
sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
129
apoptosis
programed cell death, normal and needed

Anatomy (6 decks)

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