CELLS

Question 1

Basic unit of life and is composed of a cell membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes organelles such as the nucleus.

Answer 1

CELL

Question 2

Smallest structure capable of performing all the activities vital to life.

Answer 2

CELL

Question 3

The outermost component of the cell.

Answer 3

Plasma Membrane

Question 4

Encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the material inside the cell and material outside it.

Answer 4

Plasma Membrane

Question 5

Act as a selective barrier that determines what moves into and our of the cell

Answer 5

Plasma membrane

Question 6

Contains phosphorus and form a double layer of molecules

Answer 6

Phospholipids

Question 7

water-loving; having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding.

Answer 7

hydroPHILIC

Question 8

insoluble in water; repelling water.

Answer 8

hydroPHOBIC

Question 9

a WAXY FAT carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins and gives added strength and stability by limiting the movement of phospholipids

Answer 9

Cholesterol

Question 10

Float among the phospholipid molecules ad extend from the inner to outer surface of the cell membrane

Answer 10

Proteins

Question 11

Glycolipids (lipids with a carbohydrate) - acts as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane and are common in brain cells and nerves.

Answer 11

Carbohydrates

Question 12

completely penetrate or extend into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal of specific molecules.

Answer 12

Integral proteins

Question 13

What is loosely attached to the exterior surface of the membrane; have various functions?

Answer 13

Peripheral proteins

Question 14

The largest organelle and located near the center of
the cell.

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

What is formed by the inner and outer
membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus.

Answer 15

Nuclear pores

Question 16

“little nucleus”; diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane found within the nucleus; forms ribosome subunits.

Answer 16

Nucleoli

Question 17

The living material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles.

Answer 18

Cytosol

Question 19

Consist of protein structure that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.

Answer 19

Cytoskeleton

Question 20

Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm.

Answer 20

Microfilaments

Question 21

Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are SMALLER IN DIAMETER than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments.

Answer 21

Intermediate Filaments

Question 22

Largest and hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

Answer 22

Microtubules

Question 23

Internal structures that perform functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism; Also known as “little organs”

Answer 23

Organelles

Question 24

The center of microtubule formation; Made of microtubules and facilitate chromosome movement during cell division.

Answer 24

Centrioles

Question 25

“An eyelash”; Moves substances over the surface of the cell

Answer 25

Cilia

Question 26

“A whip”; Whiplike locomotor organelle usually occur one cell; Much longer than cilia and propel the whole cell; Propel sperm cells

Answer 26

Flagella

Question 27

“Small + Shaggy hair”; Minute finger-shaped projections of the cell membrane and abundant on the surface that line the intestine, kidneys and other areas in which absorption is an important function

Answer 27

Microvilli

Question 28

Series of membrane that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.

Answer 28

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 29

Network of folded membranes connected to the membranous nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus.

Answer 29

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 30

Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins embedded in membranes.

Answer 30

Rough ER

Question 31

No ribosomes attached; Involved in calcium regulation, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.

Answer 31

Smooth ER

Question 32

Sites of protein synthesis; consists of small and large subunits of ribosomal RNA and protein

Answer 32

RIBOSOMES

Question 33

SCATTERED throughout the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins used in the cytosol.

Answer 33

Free Ribosomes

Question 34

ATTACHED to the ER and proteins where they are modified and packaged for export..

Answer 34

Fixed ribosomes

Question 35

Stack of flattened membranous sacs (lysosomes) with tiny secretory vesicles.

Answer 35

GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 36

Functions to collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.

Answer 36

GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 37

Powerhouse of the cell

Answer 37

MITOCHONDRIA

Question 38

Small, membrane bound sacs that transports or stores materials within cells.

Answer 38

SECRETORY VESICLES

Question 39

Formed from the GA; Membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular digestive enzymes

Answer 39

LYSOSOMES

Question 40

Small, membrane-bound vesicles similar to a lysosome; Contain enzymes oxidases that can oxidize various organic substances.

Answer 40

PEROXISOMES

Question 41

Tunnel-like structures, similar to channel protein, and not bounded by membranes

Answer 41

PROTEASOMES

Question 42

__________composed of two major parts, solutes and the solvent.

Answer 42

SOLUTION

Question 43

___________are substances that are being dissolved

Answer 43

SOLUTE

Question 44

predominant liquid or gas that dissolves the solute

Answer 44

SOLVENT

Question 45

The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution

Answer 45

CONCENTRATION

Question 46

difference in concentration between two different areas, the ICF (Intracellular Fluid) and ECF (Extracellular fluid).

Answer 46

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Question 47

can transport variety of materials

Answer 47

VESICLES

Question 47

Cell membranes are __________ ___________, meaning that they allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.

Answer 47

selectively permeable

Question 47

does NOT require energy, as the substance moves across the concentration gradient. It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Answer 47

PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Question 48

Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution.

Answer 48

DIFFUSION

Question 49

Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

Answer 49

OSMOSIS

Question 50

is the FORCE required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 50

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Question 51

concentration of various solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane

Answer 51

ISOTONIC

Question 52

has a LOWER concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.

Answer 52

HYPOTONIC

Question 53

has a HIGHER concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.

Answer 53

HYPERTONIC

Question 53

is a process when a cell swells enough and ruptures

Answer 53

Lysis

Question 54

movement of fluid through partitions containing small holes

Answer 54

FILTRATION

Question 55

forces water across a membrane

Answer 55

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Question 56

is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient

Answer 56

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 57

the malfunction of active transport leads to this genetic disorder that affects the active transport of Cl- into cells.

Answer 57

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 58

moves Na+ out of cells and K into cells

Answer 58

Sodium Potassium pump

Question 59

involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient, which then provides the energy for moving a second substance across the membrane.

Answer 59

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 60

the diffusing substance moves into the SAME DIRECTION as the transported substance.

Answer 60

Cotransport

Question 61

the diffusing substance moves in a direction OPPOSITE to that of the transported substance.

Answer 61

Countertransport

Question 62

refers to a cellular process wherein large water-soluble molecules, which are typically resistant to transportation by carrier molecules, alongside small particles and complete cells, are conveyed across cellular membranes.

Answer 62

Vesicular Transport

Question 63

this transportation mechanism primarily relies on specialized membrane-bound sacs.

Answer 63

VESICLES

Question 64

involves cells taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane.

Answer 64

ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 65

is often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested.

Answer 65

PHAGOCYTOSIS (cell-eating)

Question 66

is distinguished from phagocytosis in that much smaller vesicles are formed and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.

Answer 66

PINOCYTOSIS (cell-drinking)

Question 67

is the RELEASE of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane.

Answer 67

EXOCYTOSIS

Question 67

is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.

Answer 67

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 68

is the process of creating protein molecules.

Answer 68

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Question 69

is the process whereby information stored in DNA directs protein synthesis; includes the processes of transcription and translation.

Answer 69

GENE-EXPRESSION

Question 70

sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a protein.

Answer 70

CODONS

Question 71

During this process information stored in a region of the DNA is used to produce complementary RNA molecules, called messenger RNA (mRNA).

Answer 71

TRANSCRIPTION

Question 72

Is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA.

Answer 72

TRANSLATION

Question 73

covalent chemical bond between adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Answer 73

PEPTIDE BOND

Question 74

is a sequence of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds.

Answer 74

Polypeptide chain

Question 75

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.

Answer 75

cell cycle

Question 76

Longer phase of cell cycle

Answer 76

INTERPHASE

Question 77

is the formation of daughter cells from single parent cells.

Answer 77

CELL DIVISION

Question 78

True or False each of our body cells except for reproductive cells contains diploid

Answer 78

true

Question 79

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; Centrioles move to the opposite ends

Answer 79

PROPAHSE

Question 80

all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes; chromatids alignment along the equator of the cell called the equatorial plane.

Answer 80

METAPHASE

Question 81

Shortest Phase; The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart.

Answer 81

ANAPHASE

Question 81

Chromosomal movement stops; chromosomes uncoil (chromatin)

Answer 81

TELOPHASE

Question 82

Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

Answer 82

CYTOKINESIS