INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards by Sophia Gaurano

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM?

Protection
Sensation
Vitamin D Production
Temperature Regulation
Excretion

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Made up of two major tissue layers; epidermis and dermis

SKIN

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superficial layer of skin

Epidermis

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a layer of dense connective tissue right below the epidermis

Dermis

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Stratified squamous epithelium; Consist of layers called strata

Epidermis

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Keratinization - the cells change shape and chemical composition; it becomes filled with the protein keratin which makes them more rigid and durable

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Consists of cuboidal or columnar cells; deepest layer

Stratum Basale

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Has a flattened appearance; Accumulates lipid filled vesicles called lamellar bodies

Stratum Spinosum

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Thin, clear zone; The cells of this layer no longer have nuclei
or organelles making cells stain more lightly

Stratum Lucidum

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Most superficial layer; Consists of 25 or more layers of dead
squamous cells filled with keratin joined by desmosomes

Stratum Corneum

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Flat and diamond shaped; The cells accumulate more keratin and release the content of the lamellar bodies to the extracellular space

Stratum Granulosum

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sloughed cells from the surface of the SCALP

Dandruff

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formed when the layers of stratum corneum increases when SUBJECTED TO FRICTION

Callus

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a CONE-SHAPED STRUCTURE that can form in body areas due to layering

Corn

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Dense collagenous connective tissue; Contains fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages

DERMIS

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damage in the dermis caused
by OVERSTRETCHING

Stretch marks

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orientation of collagen fibers
in different directions; the skin is most resistant to stretch along these lines

Cleavage line

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PROJECTIONS on the upper part
of the dermis; supplies nutrients to the dermis

Dermal papillae

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PATTERNS that shape the
overlying epidermis

Friction ridges

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delivers material to the
blood slowly; administered by inserting a small needle at a SHALLOW ANGLE into the dermis

Intradermal injection

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pinching the skin to form a tent and inserting a short needle into the ADIPOSE TISSUE

Subcutaneous Tissue

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delivers material to the blood faster the intradermal or subcutaneous; inserting a long needle at a 90 degree angle into a MUSCLE deep to the subcutaneous tissue

Intramuscular injection

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NOTES ON SKIN COLOR

(hindi siya question. additional info lang)

Factors that determine skin color: pigments in the skin, blood circulating through the skin, and thickness of the stratum corneum

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GROUP OF PIGMENTS responsible for skin, hair, and eye color; also provides protection against
UV light from the sun

Melanin

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produces melanin; Located between the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Melanocytes

VESICLES where melanin is packaged

Melanosomes

recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin resulting in fair skin, white hair, and unpigmented irises in the eyes

Albinism

a decrease of O2 in the blood producing a BLUISH COLOR of the skin

cyanosis

YELLOW PIGMENTfound in plants such as squash and carrots

Carotene

Most common type of cancer

SKIN CANCER

Group of people to likely be affected are fair-skinned people

older than 50 years old

the MOST FREQUENT type, with little chance that this type of cancer will spread or metastasize to other areas

Basal Cell Carcinoma

develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale; results to nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the epidermis

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually a in a preexisting mole; it is common and often fatal unless diagnosed and treated early in development

Malignant Melanoma

AKA the Hypodermis

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

Found everywhere on the skin, except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia, and the distal segments of the fingers and toes

HAIR

invagination of the epidermis that EXTENDS DEEP into the dermis

Hair Follicle

protrudes ABOVE the surface of the skin

Hair Shaft

part of the hair BELOW the surface

HAIR ROOT

EXPANDED BASE of the root; where hair is produced

Hair Bulb

EXTENSION of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb; its blood vessels supply the hair bulb with nourishment to produce hair

Hair Papilla

soft CENTER of the hair

MEDULLA

SURROUNDS the softer center of the hair

Cortex

single layer or OVERLAPPING CELLS that holds the hair in the hair follicle

Cuticle

smooth muscle cells; when it contracts it causes the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin’s surface and raises an area of the skin called a “goose bump”

Arrector Pili

simple, branches acinar glands that PRODUCES SEBUM

Sebaceous Glands

OILY, white substance rich in lipids; lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin which prevents drying and protect against bacteria

SEBUM

simple coiled tubular glands; Open onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores

ECCRINE

simple, coiled tubular glands; They open into hair follicles, but only in the armpits and genitalia

Apocrine Glands

A thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum that contain a very hard type of keratin

NAIL

visible part of the nail

NAIL BODY

part of the nail covered by skin

NAIL ROOT

stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body

Cuticle

where the nail also attaches; epithelial tissue with a stratum basale that gives rise to the cells that form the nail

NAIL BED

where the nail root extends distally

NAIL MATRIX

whitish, CRESCENT-SHAPED area at the base of the nail

LUNULA

Receptors in the epidermis and dermis can detect pain, heat, cold, and pressure.

SENSATION

PROTECTION

Provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet light

SENSATION

sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain

VITAMIN D PRODUCTION

When exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin produces a molecule that can be transformed into vitamin D; An important regulator of calcium homeostasis

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

the amount of blood flow beneath the skin's surface and the activity of sweat glands in the skin

EXCRETION

Small amounts of waste products are lost through the skin and in gland secretion

a yellowish skin color resulting from liver damaged by a disease such as hepatitis

JAUNDICE

results when bacteria infecting the throat release a toxin into the blood that causes a REDDISH RASH on the skin

Scarlet fever

the skin produces excess keratin and assumes a characteristic sandpaper texture

Vitamin A

the nails lose their normal contour and become flat or concave

Iron-deficiency Anemia

high levels of lead in the hair.

Lead poisoning

Injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

BURNS

Part of the stratum basale remains viable, and regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as the edges of the burn.

Partial-Thickness Burns

The epidermis and the dermis are completely destroyed, and recovery occurs from the edge of the burn wound. ; Third-degree burn and Fourth-degree burn

Full-Thickness Burns

involve only the epidermis and are red and painful

First-degree burns

damage both the epidermis and the dermis

Second-degree burns

- the epidermis and dermis are COMPLETELY DESTROYED

Third-degree burns

EXTREMELY SEVERE burns that affect tissues deeper than the subcutaneous tissue

Fourth-degree burns

- the epidermis and part of the dermis are removed from another part of the body and placed over the burn

Split skin graft