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AP Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Cell

A

Life’s basic unit of structure and function

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2
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Used to study stained or living cells

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3
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Used to study detailed structure of a cell and can magnify up to 50.1^6 times but can only observe killed cells of specimens

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4
Q

Types of Cells

A
  • Prokaryotes

- Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, that is filled with organelles

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6
Q

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Animal Cells
  • Plant Cells
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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Lacks both a nucleus and organelles

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8
Q

Types of Prokaryotic Cells

A

Bacteria (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria)

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9
Q

Nucleoid

A

Area where the continuous strand of DNA is located in a prokaryote

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10
Q

Flagellum

A

Long tail that helps prokaryotes move

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A cell’s outer envelope

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12
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Proteins that are loosely associated with the lipid bilayer and are located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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13
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Proteins that are firmly bound to the plasma membrane and are amphipathic

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14
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

Integral proteins that do not extend all the way through the membrane

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15
Q

Fluid-Mosaic Model

A

Arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in the plasma membrane

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16
Q

Adhesion Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that form junctions between adjacent cells

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17
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that serve as docking sites for proteins of the extracellular matrix or hormones

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18
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules

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19
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Membrane proteins that form pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membrane

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20
Q

Recognition and Adhesion Proteins

A

Proteins that exposed on the extracellular surface that pay a role in cell recognition and adhesion

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21
Q

Carbohydrate Side Chains

A

Used to recognize other cells and substances

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22
Q

Cholesterol

A

Help stabilize membrane fluidity in animal cells

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell

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24
Q

Chromosomes

A

Organized heredity information in the form of DNA

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25
Nucleoulus
Where rRNA is made and ribosomes are assembled within the nucleus
26
Ribosomes
The sites of protein synthesis
27
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm
28
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Place where proteins that are to be exported outside of the cell are made
29
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Lacks ribosomes and makes lipids, hormones, steroid and breaks down toxic chemicals
30
Golgi Body
Sort and package proteins that are to be exported out of the cell
31
Vesicles
Carry products to the plasma membrane and release them via exocytosis
32
Mitochondira
Responsible for converting the energy from organic molecules into useful energy for the cell
33
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy molecule of the cell
34
Lysosomes
Carry digestive enzymes and are used to break down old organelles, debris, and ingested particles
35
Centrioles
Small, paired, cylindrical structures that are found within microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) and produce microtubules
36
Vacuoles
Fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments
37
Peroxisomes
Detoxify various substances and make Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) which is then broken down by enzymes into Oxygen and Water
38
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers that determine the shape of a cell
39
Fibers in the Cell
- Microtubules | - Microfilaments
40
Tubulin
Protein that makes up microtubules
41
Microtubules
Participate in cellular division and movement
42
Cilia
Threadlike structures used for movement in single-celled organisms
43
Cell Wall
Protective outer layer in plants made out of cellulose
44
Chloroplasts
Organelles involved in the process of photosynthesis
45
Simple Diffusion
Movement of substances from high to low concentration
46
Passive Transport
Movement across a membrane that does not require energy
47
Osmosis
Movement of water from high to low concentration
48
Solute
Dissolved substance
49
Facilitated Transport
Proteins pick up a substance from one side of the membrane and carry it to the other side
50
Active Transport
Movement across a membrane that does require energy in the form of ATP
51
Endocytosis
Taking in of molecules and substances by a cell by surrounding the molecule with a piece of the membrane and using the membrane to form a vesicle so that it can enter the cell
52
Types of Endocytosis
- Pinocytosis - Phagocytosis - Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
53
Pinocytosis
The cell ingests liquids
54
Phagocytosis
The cell takes in solids
55
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
A ligand binds to a receptor protein which signals for the cell to form a vesicle around the ligand and bring the ligand into the cell
56
Bulk Flow
One-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure
57
Dialysis
Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane
58
Exocytosis
Ejection of wastes or secretion products by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane
59
Intercellular Junctions
Space formed in between two cells to pass information and cytoplasm
60
Types of Intercellular Contact
- Desmosomes - Gap Junctions - Tight Junctions
61
Desmosomes
Hold adjacent animal cells tightly to one another
62
Gap Junctions
Allow communication between cytoplasm of two cells and the transfer of small molecules and ions
63
Tight Junctions
Tight connections between the membranes of two cells in order to prevent leakage

AP Biology (10 decks)

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