Cellular Energetics

Question 1

Bioenergetics

Answer 1

The study of how cells carry out the processes of life

Question 2

Enzymes

Answer 2

Proteins that help kick-start reactions and speed those reactions up

Question 3

Organic Catalysts

Answer 3

Speed up the rate of a reaction without altering the reaction itself

Question 4

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 4

A reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants

Question 5

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 5

A reaction that requires an input of energy

Question 6

Activation Energy

Answer 6

The energy barrier in order to start a chemical reaction

Question 7

Enzyme Specificity

Answer 7

Each enzyme is specific to a substrate and only catalyzes one reaction

Question 8

Substrates

Answer 8

The targeted molecule in a chemical reaction (the thing the enzyme breaks down or combines together)

Question 9

Active Site

Answer 9

Site where the substrates bind to the enzyme

Question 10

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Answer 10

Temporary binding of the substrate to the enzyme

Question 11

Induced Fit

Answer 11

The enzyme has to change its shape slightly to accommodate the substrate’s shape

Question 12

Coenzymes

Answer 12

Organic factors that assist the enzyme in catalyzing the reaction

Question 13

Cofactors

Answer 13

Inorganic factors that assist the enzyme in catalyzing the reaction

Question 14

Allosteric Sites

Answer 14

A region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind

Question 15

Allosteric Regulators

Answer 15

Can either inhibit or activate enzymes

Question 16

Alllosteric Inhibitor

Answer 16

Will bind to the allosteric site and keep the enzyme in its inactive form

Question 17

Allosteric Activator

Answer 17

Will bind to the allosteric site and keep the enzyme in its active form

Question 18

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 18

The formation of an end product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence

Question 19

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 19

A substance that has the same shape as the active site and competes with the substrate in order to inactivate the enzyme

Question 20

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Answer 20

The inhibitor binds with the enzyme at another site and inactivates the enzyme by changing its shape

Question 21

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 21

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Question 22

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 22

Energy transfer leads to less organization

Question 23

Entropy

Answer 23

The universes’ tendency towards disorder

Question 24

Photosynthesis

Answer 24

Involves the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy

Question 25

Cellular Respiration

Answer 25

Produces ATP via the breakdown of nutrients

Question 26

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 26

ATP is made in the presence of oxygen

Question 27

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 27

ATP is made without oxygen

Question 28

Stages of Aerobic Respiration

Answer 28

- Glycolysis - Acetyl CoA Formation - Krebs Cycle - Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 29

Glycolysis

Answer 29

The splitting of glucose into two pyruvates (Makes 2 ATP)

Question 30

Pyruvic Acid

Answer 30

Two three-carbon molecules formed by the splitting of glucose

Question 31

Regions of a Mitochondrion

Answer 31

- Matrix - Inner Mitochondrial Membrane - Intermembrane Space - Outer Membrane

Question 32

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Answer 32

Two carbon molecule made from pyruvic acid

Question 33

Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)

Answer 33

Creates the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and also 1 ATP per cycle

Question 34

Oxaloacetate

Answer 34

Four carbon molecule that combines with acetyl coA to form citric acid

Question 35

pH/Proton Gradient

Answer 35

Created by the pumping of H+ ions into the intermembrane space

Question 36

ATP Synthase

Answer 36

H+ ions flow back through this channel and create ATP

Question 37

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 37

The flow of protons through channels to produce ATP by combining ADP and P (Makes 32 ATP)

Question 38

Fermentation

Answer 38

Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol (ethanol)