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Cells Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What do cells consist of , and what do they allow cells to do

A

Numerous structures , that allow cells to carry out functions

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2
Q

What do cells form

A

Basic units of plant an animals

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3
Q

Why do plant and animal cells have similarities and differences

A

Due to the different functions performed by the cells

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4
Q

Name the structures found in cells

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cyptoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion,

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5
Q

Where is the cell wall found

A

In plant cells

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6
Q

What are cell walls made of

A

A substance called cellulose

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7
Q

What is the main function of a cell wall

A

To give the cell shape and support

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8
Q

What is the cell wall described as and why

A

Permeable , as liquids and dissolved substances pass through the cell wall freely

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9
Q

Where is cell membrane found

A

Found in both plant and animal cells

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10
Q

What does the cell membrane form

A

Outermost boundary

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11
Q

Where does the cell membrane lie in plant cells

A

Against the inner part of cell wall

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12
Q

In animal cells what does the cell membrane form

A

It forms the outermost boundary

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13
Q

Describe the cell membranes layer

A

Thin, flexible layer that keeps contents from escaping and mixing with surroundings

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14
Q

What is the cell membrane described as and why

A

Partially permeable as it controls what enters and leaves the cell

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15
Q

Do all cells have a cell membrane

A

Yes

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16
Q

Where is cyptoplasm found

A

In both plant and animal cells

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17
Q

What is cyptoplasm

A

Liquid containing chemicals needed for functioning of cell

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18
Q

Where is a large vacuole found

A

Found in plant cells

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19
Q

What diss a vacuole consist of

A

Fluid known as cell sap

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20
Q

What do cell saps consist of

A

Mainly water with many dissolved substances

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21
Q

What surrounds the fluid in a vacuole

A

A membrane called the tonoplast

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22
Q

What does the vacuole in plants help

A

Helps water move into the cell, keeps cell firm and keeps its shape (turgor support)

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23
Q

Do animal cells have vacuoles

A

They may have small vacuoles , or not even a vacuole at all

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24
Q

Where is nucleus found

A

In bite animal and plant cells

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25
How many nucleus in each cell
One
26
What surrounds the nucleus
A double membrane called a nuclear membrane
27
What is inside the nucleus
Nucleoplasm, chromatin material
28
What is the nucleoplasm similar to in the nucleus and why
Cyptoplasm as it is linked to the cyptoplasm through small holes called pores in the nucleur membrane
29
What is the chromatin material made of
DNA that contains the genes of the organism
30
What do genes give organisms
Characteristics
31
What is DNA
Deoxyribonuclei acid
32
What do the nucleus and chromatin network contain
Certain info for each cell to make their own proteins
33
What are the nucleus functions
Controls activities of cell, as it contains instructions for making proteins Stores characteristics of heredity in the chromosomes
34
Where is chloroplast found
Plant cells only
35
What does chloroplast contain
Green pigment called chloropyll , which traps radiant energy from the sun
36
What is chlorophyll
A green pigment which traps radiant energy from the sun
37
What is the main function of chloroplast
To produce food (carbohydrates) for the plant through photosynthesis
38
How is glucose produced
Carbon dioxide , sunlight and water enter the chloroplast and after a series of chemical reactions , glucose is produced
39
What type of product is oxygen
Waste product
40
What do choloroplasts occur in
Large numbers in plant tissue that photosynthesis
41
How many chloroplast per cell
15-50 per cell
42
What shape are most chloroplasts
Disc shaped with a membrane bound structure
43
What does the double membrane surround in chloroplast
The fluid called the stroma
44
What extends through the stroma
Groups of parallel double membranes called lameliae or thylakoids
45
What is mitochondrion from
The mother
46
What does the folds in the mitochondrion do
Increases the surface area
47
Where is the mitochondrion found in
Plant and animal cells
48
What is mitochondrion main function
To release energy through respiration
49
What process does mitochondrions do
Oxygen and glucose move into this structure and after a series of chemical reactions , energy in the form of ATP is released
50
What is a waste product of the mitochondrion process
Carbon dioxide
51
Describe mitonchdrions membrane
Smooth inner and outer membrane folded to form cristae
52
What is the fluid inside the mitochondrion known as
The matrix
53
How do the numbers of mitochondrion vary per cell and why
A few to 1000 according to activities of the cell
54
What cells have large amounts of mitochondria
Active cells , like liver , sperm cells , muscle
55
What similarities do plant and animal cells have
``` Both have mitochondria Both have membrane ER:rough and smooth Cyptoplasm Nucleus , membrane ```
56
What provides protection and support for plant cells
Cell wall
57
What prevents cyptoplasm from escaping
Cell membrane
58
What is responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
59
What carries out respiration
Mitochondrion
60
What holds genetic info
Nucleus
61
What stores water in plants
Vacuole
62
What is the difference between permeable and partially permeable
Permeable allows the free passage of all substances (fluid state) Partially permeable allows the passage of only certain substances (fluid state) controlled
63
Define respiration
A cellular process whereby glucose and oxygen react to produce energy (ATP)
64
Why can the mitochondrion be called the power house
Aerobic respiration takes place here, producing energy in the form of ATP
65
Why can the nucleus be referred as the brain of the cell
It controls the activities of the cell
66
Which structure contains chlorophyll
Chloroplast
67
Why is the inner membrane of mitochondrion folded
It increases surface area , enabling more respiration to take place
68
What is the difference between a granum and lamella
The granum is a stack of thylakoids , and a lamellla is a structure that joins two grana together
69
What happens when growth occurs
The individual cells increases in size and number
70
What happens as cells grow
The undergo a process that makes them look and function different to other cells
71
When do cells join to form a tissue
Cells similar in structure and function
72
What does each different tissue have to do
Perform a specific function
73
What is nervous tissue
Made of cells that can transmit impulses to and from the brain
74
What is the nervous tissue in plants
Xylem tissue
75
What is xylem tissue made of
Cells that allow water and dissolved minerals to be transported
76
What do different tissues combine to form
Organs
77
Why is a muscle classified as an organ
It's made of muscle tissue , xylem and phloem tissue
78
Name some organs found in animals
Lung liver spleen brain
79
Name some organs found in plants
Roots stems leaves flowers
80
How are systems made
Different organs function together to form systems
81
What is the nervous system made of
Brain spinal chord nerves
82
What is the digestive system made of
Stomach intestines mouth asophogus
83
What is an organisms
A living thing made up of all the systems working altogether
84
What organisms is a muscle
Tissue
85
What organisms is a blood vessel
Organ
86
What organism is a bone
Organ
87
What organism is a leaf
Organ
88
What do root hairs do
Grow around soil grains, absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil
89
What types of cells are root hairs
Specialized unicellular epidermal cells
90
What would make area of absorption increase in roots
The surface area of the cell on the edge of the root is increased
91
What is an epidermis
Single layer of square cells with thin walls . Outer layer of cells
92
Why does the roots epidermis not have a waxy cuticle covering it
Roots absorb water
93
What cells are in stomata
2 guard cells per stoma
94
What are guard cells
Kidney shaped cells with thin outer walls and thin inner walls
95
What do the guard cells in stomata contain and control
Contain chloroplast , controls opening and closing of the stoma
96
What does the opening and closing of stomata control
Movement of co2 and 02 and water vapoiur between leaf and outside environment
97
How does the stoma open
When water enters the guard cells , the thin outer walls bulge and the thick inner walls become concave - resulting in pore opening
98
How does a stoma close
When water leaves guard cells the become soft and pore closes

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