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Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

How do sperm develop and and what happens when they have made tails

A

Sperm develop from cells in the tubules and once they have made tails they move down the center of the tubule and move into the epididymus

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2
Q

When is sperm produced and how

A

At puberty the Brain tells the testicles to produce testosterone and sperm

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3
Q

Explain the travel of sperm

A

Sperm travel to the epidydymas where they mature and travel. Through the vas deferens, past the prostrate gland and seminal vessels , through the urethra and spurted out at the tip of the penis.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the male

A

To produce gametes or sperm and to transfer these to the female system

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5
Q

What do the testes look like

A

Oval structures, 5 cm long

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6
Q

Where are the 2 testes found and where is this found and why

A

In a sac called the scrotum found between the legs. Sperm are lower than body temp therofr they need to be kept outside of the body

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7
Q

What is a vasectomy

A

Sterilized man

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8
Q

What are the male secondary sex characteristics

A

Hair growth on the penis, arms and facial
Descending of testes
Voice depends
Growth

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9
Q

What is the epdidymus

A

A tube attached to the outside of the testis. Sperm stored here after being formed

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10
Q

What is the vas deferens / sperm duct

A

A continuation of the epidydimus. Carries sperm from the epidymis to urethra

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11
Q

What are the seminal vesicles

A

Glands that produce a fluid which contains nutrients and enzhymes so that the sperm will move more actively

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12
Q

What is the mixture of fluid and sperm

A

Semen

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13
Q

How is the ejaculatoryduct formed

A

When the ducts from the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens unite. When the muscle of the ejaculatory ducts contract its content is expelled through the urethra, to the outside.

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14
Q

What does the urethra do

A

Transports semen and urine. Transfer sperm through vagina

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15
Q

What is the prostrate gland

A

A conical shaped gland whitch lies against the bladder. It secretes a milky liquid and gives seman its Oder. This liquid is alkaline and keeps sperm alive in vagina,

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16
Q

In a women at puberty what does the brain do

A

Tells the ovaries to produce oestrogen whitch tells the eggs to mature. And then once a month an egg leaves an ovary and pops into a Fallopian tube. Where it waits before travelling to the uterus. In the uterus the egg and lining dissolve and leave.

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17
Q

Explain ovulation

A

In notes

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18
Q

What two hormones do the peturitory gland produce and what do they do

A

Follicle stimulating hormone - instructs ovary to make mature egg
Leuatnaising hormone - goes to ovary and oestrogen is realesed,

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19
Q

What happens after ovulation process

A

Each egg waits in the Fallopian tube to be fertilized by sperm
Sperm leaves the penis, swims up the vagina through the uterus into the Fallopian tube where an egg may be waiting to unite with a sperm. If one sperm enters the egg, (head of sperm penetrate the ovum )they become one cell and pregnancy can begin fertilized by one soerm only the others die

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20
Q

What happens as the baby develops

A

Grows bigger, the uterus stretches to accommodate.
Foetus develops within amniotic sac (surrounded by amniotic fluid that protects and nourishes baby)
Ambilical chord connects baby to mom

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21
Q

What is the definition of fertilization

A

The fusion of the nucleus of the sperm with the nucleus of the egg

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22
Q

What is the product of fusion so sex cells

A

A zygote

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23
Q

After the zygote is made ( fusion of cells) what happens

A

It moves along the Fallopian tube to the uterus. As it moves it divides by mitosis. ( cell division) until it’s a round mass of cells. It reaches the uterus after about 4 days , by then it’s a hollow ball of several thousand cells, the blastula

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24
Q

What is the blastula

A

Hollow ball of several thousand cells

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25
Explain what the blastula does
When it touches the endometrium or uterus wall it is implanted. This is where the blastula develops into an embryo surrounded by a number of membranes
26
What is the outermost protective membrane
The chorion witch has a number of finger like projections called villi
27
What happens to ensure that the villi are bathed in blood
Large, blood , filled spaces develop between the villi
28
What blood never mixes
Blood of foetus and mother
29
What is pressed close to the chorion and what does this do
The amnion whitch is filled with amniotic fluid whitch surrounds the foetus.
30
What does the amniotic fluid serve as
A shock resistor and provides constant medium for the delevopmwnt of the embryo
31
What do the ovaries produce
The female gametes or ova
32
Where are the 2 ovaries placed
In the abdomen by a ligament
33
What is each ovary surrounded by
A funnel that leads to a tube known as the oviduct (fallopian tube) that carries the egg to the uterus
34
Where does fertilization occur
In the Fallopian tube
35
What does the uterus have and why
A thick muscular wall, so that the developing embryo can attach. Embryo grows in uterus
36
What is at the end of the uterus
A glandular region called the cervix whitch leads to the vagina
37
What does the vagina do
Receives sperm and serves as birth canal
38
What is menstruation
Shredding of tissue and blood from the lining of the womb through a women's vagina
39
When does ovulation occur (day)
Day 1
40
Why is menstruation continuous
It's a cycle, and it's getting ready for pregnancy
41
When is the best time to have sex in order to fall pregnant and why
5 days before egg is released or on day . As sex takes place in this time , egg and sperm can reach tube at the same time. Egg then fertilized
42
What is the period between fertilization and birth
Pregnancy
43
What happens in the time period of pregnancy
The embryo is protected within and develops inside uterus of mother
44
What does the human ovum contain and why
Little yolk because it is fed by juices secreted by the uterine wall
45
What are all the requirements for the embryo carried by
The blood of the mother to the blood spaces of the placenta and are transferred to foetus by division
46
Where does waste difuse to and from
Waste diffuses out of the foetus to the blood of the mother
47
What does the placenta do
Protect embryo. Serves as a micro filter preventing solids and bacteria from entering the blood of the foetus. In doing so provides immunity to foetus
48
What does the aminionic fluid protect baby from
Shock, temp changes, dehydration
49
How long after fertilization is baby ready to be born
40 weeks
50
What is labour
Walls of uterus contract, effect of contractions is to push the foetus in the direction of the cervix. Pressure is exerted on the amnion and chorion whitch is then raptures and the amniotic fluid is released (water breaking) Contractions increase in strength and the baby is pushed, head first, through the vagina to the exterior
51
What happens when the baby leaves the vagina
The shock of coming into the colder air makes the baby gasp, clearing the lungs of amniotic fluid and the baby takes first breath. Baby cries filling lungs with air and breathing process begins
52
What is the afterbirth
The placenta that is released through vagina after birth
53
What happens when more than one baby develops and grows in the womb at the same time
A multiple birth occurs
54
How do multiple births occur
A women produces more than one ovum during her cycle, there will be more than one ovum in the Fallopian tubes to be fertilized and seperate embryos will develop.
55
How are twins made fraternal
When 2 seperate ova are fertilized.
56
How are identical twins made
One ovum is fertilized , but splits into 2 Seperate embryos
57
What are Siamese twins
When the ball of cells or embryo split Joined somewhere on the Body Can be surgically seperated depending on what organs are shared
58
What diseases are in category 1
STDS that produce inflammation of the urethra, epidydyms, cervix or oviducts Gonorrhea, chlamydia Treated with antibiotics Viral. Discharge
59
What diseases are in catagory 2
STDS that produce sores on the external genitals Genital herpes most common. 25 million South Africans Symptoms Treated by antiviral drugs, infection never cured Syphillis is a bacterially caused infection and can if left untreated cause death . Cured with antibiotics
60
Disease in category 3
Includes viral diseases that affect organ systems other than those that affect reproductive system AIDS , HEPAPTIIS B Sexual contact or blood Infected may appear symptom free for years after infection
61
Explain Aids ( acquired immunedefiency syndrome)
Develops after immune system has been serverly weakened and can no longer defend body from infections As AIDS progresss the body is overhwelmed with life threatening illnesses and diseases
62
What virus causes AIDS
HIV ( AIDS virus )
63
What does HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) do
Destroys immune cells called T cells whitch are vital to the body for protection against infection and diiseases AIDS will result when HIV has severely reduced number of T cells Anyone can become infected with HIV .(anyone infected with HIV can develop AIDS ) unborn can be infected
64
How does AIDS infect bodies
Through exchange of infected blood, semen or vaginal secretions
65
Where does HIV live
In white blood cells called T cells
66
Where are T cells found
Blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal secretions , mesntrual blood
67
Common ways of being infected with HIV
Sexual activity Eluting contaminated hypodermic needles Transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy , birth , breast feeding
68
Where are the sperm made
In the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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