1
Q
what is the role of the cell?
A
a cell is an organism within itself and often exists as an independent life form.
2
Q
what is a type of cell?
A
bacterial cell
3
Q
how many cells are big organisms (like humans) made of?
A
trillions
4
Q
do all cells act in the same way?
A
no
5
Q
why do cells not act the same?
A
cells don’t all act the same way because they all have their own job in the body
6
Q
TRUE or FALSE
all cells have things in common?
A
TRUE
7
Q
what is cell division?
A
cell division is when cells make new copies of themselves
8
Q
what are the two types of cell division that occur in the human body?
A
~ mitosis
~ meiosis
9
Q
what is mitosis?
A
mitosis is when cells make identical copies of themselves and happens millions of times every second
10
Q
what is meiosis?
A
meiosis only occurs when gametes (ova in females, sperm in males) is made
ONE CELL BECOMES FOUR
11
Q
what is the most common type of cell division?
A
mitosis
12
Q
what are the 3 main roles of the cell (plasma) membrane?
A
~ gives the cell its shape
~ protects the contents of the cell
~ keeps the contents of the cell within the cell
13
Q
what cell component is selectively permeable?
A
the cell (plasma) membrane
14
Q
what does selectively-permable mean?
A
controls the entry and exit of substances from within the cell
15
Q
what does cell signalling mean?
A
proteins in the membrane can act as receptors that receive chemical signals from the extracellular environment
16
Q
what do the chemical signals received from the extracellular environment do?
A
trigger various cellular responses allowing the cell to adapt to changing conditions
17
Q
what is cell recognition?
A
cell recognition allows the cell to communicate with different signals such as immune responses
18
Q
what components of the cell help cell signalling?
A
carbohydrates
19
Q
what is the role of the cytoplasm?
A
the cytoplasm protects the cell
20
Q
what is the cytoplasm mainly made up of?
A
water
21
Q
what’s the name given to the water in the cytoplasm?
A
cytosol
22
Q
what minerals does the cytoplasm contain?
A
~ sugars
~ proteins
~ ions
~ molecules
~ enzymes
~ small organs/organelles
23
Q
what do the organelles in cells work together to maintain in the cells?
A
homeostasis
24
Q
what is the role of the nucleus?
A
the nucleus controls all cellular activities
25
what does the nucleus contain?
chromosomes
26
what are chromosomes?
chromosomes are long molecules that contain genes
27
what do genes do?
genes carry DNA
28
what does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
29
what does DNA do for the cells?
DNA gives organelles their instructions as to how to build the cell and what chemical reactions should be carried out, and how the cell should behave
30
where is DNA found?
in chromosomes
31
where are chromosomes found?
in the nucleus
32
TRUE or FALSE:
genes leave the cell?
FALSE
33
what is the name of the template genes sent to the cytosol to control cell functions?
mRNA
34
what is mRNA?
photocopies of genes
35
where is mRNA sent to?
the cytosol
36
what is the role of the mitochondria?
the mitochondria produces energy for the cells
37
what minerals does the mitochondria use to produce energy?
glucose (sugar) and oxygen
38
what is the process through which mitochondria produces energy called?
aerobic respiration
39
what is the energy from the mitochondria used for?
~ contraction of muscles
~ the synthesis of chemicals
~ production of body heat
40
what is the waste product of energy production from the mitochondria?
carbon dioxide (C02)
41
TRUE OR FALSE:
carbon dioxide needs to be removed from the body
TRUE
42
what are uncharged molecules called?
ADP
43
what are power-rich molecules called
ATP
44
where does ATP travel to?
they cytosol and cell (plasma) membrane
45
where does uncharged ATP (ADP) go to?
the mitochondria
46
what is the role of the ribosomes?
protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes
47
how many different types of protein molecules are there?
thousands
48
what are proteins used for in the human body?
~ to build the cell
~ controls chemical activities of the cell
~ help the blood clot
~ help fight infection
49
how are proteins made?
ribosomes take instructions of how to build proteins from mRNA
50
what is the cytoskeleton?
cytoskeleton allows the plasma membrane to take on a specific structure
(like tent poles)
51
what do protein filaments allow in cells?
movement to cur within the cell
52
where are protein filaments found?
in the cytoskeleton
53
what are the two major type of proteins called?
~ microfilaments
~ microtubules
54
what is the role microfilaments?
microfilaments are responsible for the support and maintenance of cell shape
55
what is the role os microtubules?
microtubules contractile proteins responsible for movement of cell and its organelles
56
what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
ER is interconnecting and folded membranes within the cell
57
what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
~ rough endoplasmic reticulum
~ smooth endoplasmic reticulum
58
what is rough endoplasmic reticulum?
rough endoplasmic reticulum is the proteins factor where much of protein synthesis occurs
59
what makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?
its studded with ribosomes making it look rough
60
what organelle is studded with ribosomes?
the rough endoplasmic reticulum
61
what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
its the fat factory where lipids and steroid hormones are made
62
what is produced in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
~ lipids
~ steroid hormones
63
why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum smooth?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains no ribosomes therefore making it smooth
64
what is the golgi apparatus?
the golgi apparatus is where proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum are stored
65
where are proteins stored?
the golgi apparatus
66
where in the golgi apparatus are proteins stored?
in the membranous sacs
67
how are proteins transported from the golgi apparatus?
in vesicles
68
where to vesicles take the proteins?
different parts of the cell and the cell (plasma) membrane
69
what are lysosomes?
lysosomes destroy waste products therefore removing them from the cell
70
what does lysosomes contain that destroys waste products?
enzymes
71
what is it called when a cell has become specialised?
differentiated
72
TRUE or FALSE
do nerve cells all look and act the same
FALSE
73
how many specialised cells are there in a human body?
200
74
what is special about some cells?
they have the potential to become any type of cell
75
what are cells that become any type of cells called?
stem cells
76
what potential do stem cells have?
stem cells have potential to become therapeutic cells
77
what does intracellular mean?
anything found in the cell
78
what does extracellular mean?
anything found outside the cell
79
what are all cells surrounded by?
extracellular fluid (ECF)
80
what's the subdivision of extracellular fluid called?
interstitial fluid
81
where is extracellular fluid (ECF) found?
around the cells
82
TRUE or FALSE:
water can easily diffuse from one side of a cell to another
TRUE
83
TRUE or FALSE
solutes can easily diffuse from a cell?
FALSE
84
what are two examples of solutes that cannot diffuse from the cell?
~ sodium (S)
~ potassium (P)
85
what is osmosis?
osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
86
what is osmotic pressure like in normal conditions?
its the same pressure as the fluid inside the cells
87
what does isotonic mean?
the water concentration inside and outside the cell is the same
88
what does hypertonic mean?
a solution with a lower water concentration/higher solute concentration than intracellular fluid
89
what are the names of the differences of water concentration?
~ hypertonic
~ hypotonic
90
what does hypotonic mean?
solution with a higher water concentration/lower solute concentration than intracellular fluid
91
what happens if there is a higher water concentration outside the cell?
water moves into the cell and the cell swells and bursts
92
what's is called when there is a lower water concentration/higher solute concentration than the intracellular fluid?
hypertonic
93
what's is called when there is a higher water concentration/lower solute concentration than the intracellular fluid?
hypotonic
94
what is lysis?
when water moves into a cell and it swells and bursts
95
what occurs when a cell swells and bursts?
cell death
96
what happens when there is a lower water concentration than inside the cell?
the cell loses water and shrinks
97
what is it called when a cell swells and bursts?
lysis
98
what's it called when a cell looses water and shrinks?
plasmolysis
99
what is plasmolysis?
when water moves out the cell and the cell shrinks
100
what is a bunch of cells acting together known as?
tissues
101
what are tissues?
a bunch of cells acting together to form a common function
102
TRUE OR FALSE
do cells working together have to be a specific type
FALSE
103
how many types of tissues are there?
four
104
what are the four types of tissues within the human body?
~ nervous tissue
~ muscle tissue
~ epithelial tissue
~ connective tissue
105
where is the nervous tissues found?
~ brain
~ spinal cord
~ nerves
106
where are epithelial tissues found?
~ lining of the GI tract organs
~ hollow organs
~ skin surface
107
what is the skin surface called?
epidermis
108
where are muscle tissues found?
~ cardiac muscles
~ smooth muscles
~ skeletal muscles
109
where are connective tissues found?
~ fat tissues
~ soft padding tissues
~ bones
~ tendons
110
what is epithelial tissues?
cells that form skin
111
TRUE or FALSE
epithelia tissue is only found on skin
FALSE
112
other than the skin where else are epithelial tissues found?
~ around organs
~ body cavities (e.g. mouth and lining of your intestine)
~ inside of blood vesicles
113
what is the function of epithelial tissues?
they provide a layer of protection for the structure they line or surround.
114
what are connective tissues?
they bind, support and connect different parts of the body
115
what is included in connective tissues?
~ bones
~ blood
~ adipose tissue
116
what's adipose?
fat tissues
117
what can a individual muscle do?
can change it shape by shifting the microfilament protein structures
118
what is it called when a cell becomes smaller?
contracted
119
what is it called when a cell becomes longer?
relaxed
120
TRUE or FALSE
muscle cells are usually either fully contracted or fully relaxed
FALSE
121
what is it called when a muscle cell isn't fully contracted or relaxed?
~ muscle tone
~ tonicity
122
what are lots of muscle cells working together called?
muscle tissues
123
what happens when all cells contract at the same time?
the muscle tissue shrinks
124
how many muscle cells make up a muscle?
billions
125
how many types of muscles are there?
three
126
what are all muscles associated with inside the human body?
the movement in the human body
127
what are the three different types of muscles within the human body called?
~ skeletal muscle
~ cardiac muscle
~ smooth muscle
128
what is the function of the skeletal muscle?
moves the muscles of the skelton
129
what is the function os the cardiac muscle?
contract and relaxes in order to push blood through the body
130
how is blood transported through the body?
via blood vesicles
131
TRUE or FALSE
the cardiac muscle gets a rest
FALSE
132
what is the function of the smooth muscle?
moves anything in the body that isn't blood or bones
133
what does the smooth muscle move in the human body?
~ food
~ urine
134
what is the nervous tissue?
the nervous tissue sends messages from one place to another and coordinates activities and sensations in the body
135
what are nerve cells called?
neurons
136
what are nerve cells?
long thin cells
137
what do nerve cells do?
send electrical signals from one end to another
138
what does nerves tissues control?
contraction of muscles
139
what muscles do do you have no voluntary control over?
~ cardiac muscle
~ smooth muscle
140
where is the highest concentration of nervous tissue found?
in the brain
biology
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