Cells and Tissues Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
antiG that INDUCES an immure response
A
Immunogen
2
Q
molecule that BINDS to and is RECOGNIZED by an antibody or T cell
A
AntiG
3
Q
Type of antiBs Passive immune system receives
A
Receiving PREFORMED antiB
4
Q
RAPID protection: passive or active
A
Passive
5
Q
Duration of passive antiB’s
A
SHORT duration—half life about 3 wks
6
Q
Where can we get passive immunity?
A
IgA in breast milk or humanized antB
7
Q
EXPOSED to foreign antiG
A
Active immunity
8
Q
Slow or fast protection for active immunity
A
SLOW protection
9
Q
Duration of active immunity
A
Long duration→ d/t memory lymphocytes
10
Q
What causes active immunity?
A
Natural infection, vaccine
11
Q
Toll like receptors or Nod-like receptors are what type?
A
Innate receptors
12
Q
= Pattern Recognition Receptors
A
Innate
13
Q
Innate receptor diversity:
A
-Limited diversity, non-clonal expression—meaning very little genetic diversity with simular recognition patterns
14
Q
Adaptive receptors are:
A
Antigen Receptors
15
Q
Type of Adaptive receptors
A
- T Cell ReCeptors (TCR)
- B Cell Receptors (BCR)
- Somatic recombination → DIVERSITY and clonal
16
Q
Does the innate system have memory cells?
A
no
17
Q
Type of immune cells adaptive immunity express?
A
clones of lymphocytes remain in body and will recognise and respond to antG more rapidly then first exposure
18
Q
Type of vaccine:
PROS: strong/life long
CONS: may revert to virulent form
A
LIve Attenuated
19
Q
Micro-org is modified—decreases pathogeniticy and see limited growth post injection
Induces: Cellular response= T Cells
A
Live Attenuated Vaccine
20
Q
Path is Inactivated (heat/chemically) but retains IMMUNOLOGIC EPITOPE on surface
A
Inactivated Vaccine
21
Q
What type of response does inactivated vaccine induce?
A
Induces: Humoral Response = B Cells
22
Q
Pros/Cons of inactivated vaccine
A
Pros: Stable and safer then live
CONS: weaker immunity—need a booster
23
Q
Cells of Innate Immune System
A
a. Phagocytes-
24
Q
= Macros and Neutros (MnoP)
A
Phagocytes
25
b. Granulocytes
= Eosinos, Baso, Masts (Be a GEM)
26
Cells Linking the INNATE and Adaptive immune sytesms
a. Dendritic Cells
- folicular DC, Conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs
- NK cells
27
Lymphocytes are part of what immune system
Adaptive immune system
28
Circulate and enter tissue and differentiate into tissue macrophage, present in all tissues of body
Monocyte/Macrophage
29
LOTS of cytoplasm→ moves into tissues→ becomes Macrophage
Monocyte
30
When does a monocyte get activated?
-monocyte is inactivated till become macrophage in tissue and has little pseudopods to reach out and engulf stuff
31
```
motile phagocyte (acid staining, red)
KEY for PARASITE and ALLERGY
```
Eosinophils
32
Type of granules eosinophils contain
Granules contain Heparin + Hydrolytic enZ
33
Non-phagocytic (basic dye staining, blue)
Basophils
34
Type of IL basophils release
release IL4 (Th2 cytokine)
35
Circulate in blood
| Release pharmagologically acitve immune mediators (histamine)
basophils
36
From bone marrow & emigrate/differentiate in tissue
Mast Cells
37
Type of granules released by mast cells?
granules have heparin and histamine
38
key for ALLERGY
Mast cells
39
Derived from same Bone marrow progeitor as Monos→ then migrate + reside in tissues near site of microbe entry
Dendridic Cells
40
Function of DC cells
b. Primary funx = APC
| i. TRANSPORT and PRESENT microbial antigens to T lymphos in peripheral lymphoid tissues as matures DCs
41
1. Large, granular lymphos that recognize foreign cells of many diff antigenic types
a. Lack T cell receptors and lack surface IgM or IgD
NK cells
42
Active w/out exposure to antiG
| Active Independent of antiG presentation
NK cells
43
What kind of cytokines do NK cells release?
a. secreate cytotoxins such as Perforin and granzyme into cells
44
Specialize in killing of virus-infected cells and tumor cells
NK cells
45
How do NK cells induce apoptosis?
b. Induce apoptosis via Fas-FasL interactions
46
How do NK cells get activated?
5. Activated by IFN-α, IFN β, IFN γand IL-12
47
When NK cells stimulate adaptive immune response what do they make?
Make IFN-γ and IL-12 → which then go on to activate Th1 type Tcells
48
CD3 is common to
all T lymphs
49
CD19 and CD 20 typical of most
B cells
50
help distinguish btwn subclasses of T cells
CD4 an CD8
51
What is recpetor portion of immunoglobulin (anitibody) molecule
Fc (FcR)
52
Naïve B Lymphos express what Igs?
a. express IgM and D with low affinity
53
Naive B's express?
| and don't express?
```
Express CXCR5 (high)
Don’t express CD27
```
54
Effector B cells: contains
RER, Mitochondrion and Golgi Complex
55
Activated/Effector B lymphs Increase expression on
IG:G/A/E during response
56
Activated or effector B lymphs high expression of?
| Low expression of?
LOW exp of CXCR5
| HIGH exp of CD27
57
these dudes secreate antiB
| they are large plasma cells
Activated B lymphs
58
Memory B Cells have high expression of
IG:G/A/E
59
no effector funx and are very small
not sure if they have CXCR5
HIGH expression of CD27
Activated B Lymphs
60
Location of hematopoetic progenitors and lymphocyte devo;
Bone Marrow
- Naïve lymphocytes are small
- Mature lymphocs are larger and more cytoplasm
61
Location of devo annd maturation of T lymphocytes
Thymus
62
Secondary (Perpheral) Lymphoid tissues
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Mucosal or skina associated lypmhatic tissue (MALT/SALT)
a. Peyers patches
63
Maturation of Lymphocytes of B cell
Bone marrow stem cell→ (B cell lineage)→ Bone marrow (generative lyphoid organ)→Mature B lympho→ Blood→ Peripheral Lymphoid organs and recirculate back to blood
64
Maturation of Lymphocytes of T cell
Bone Marrow Stem Cell→ (T Cell lineage) → Thymus→ Mature T lymphos→ Blood/lymph→ Peripheral lymphoid organs→ back to blood/thymus
65
Generative Lymphoid tissue
| 1. Cortex:
on periphery: dark purple staining
| a. densely packed with immature T cells called thymocytes
66
Part of Lymphoid tissue with fewer T cells and endothelial cells, macrophages and CD
2. Medulla: inner part, lighter pink
67
Where devoing thymocytes mature to immunocompetent T cells via gentic changes that modify the cell surface antiG receptors (TCR) that the naïve T cell uses to recognise antiG
Medulla
68
Multi-functional, secreate factors to attract precursor thymocytes to thymus
TMEC: key for T cell devo
69
Makes support for T cells during maturation and surround blood vessels to make blood-thymus barrier
TMEC
70
Present self antiG to maturing thymocytes during neg and positive selection
TMEC
71
Central Tolerance =
process of negative and positive selection
72
abilty to recognize peptide antiG complexed w/ self-MHC molecules
Positive selection
73
next step… when cells above recognize self-antiG are removed via apoptosis
-->Survivors will migrate to medulla→ on to lymph vessels to secondary organs
Negative selection:
74
Specialized vessels to drain fliud from regional tissues into and out of lypmh nodes and into Blood
Lymphatic system
75
Lymph vessels
made of overlapping endothelial cells that LACK proteins needed form tight bonds for a basement membrane
76
Lymph vessels have tight/leaky epithelia?
a. result = leaky epithelia
77
provides direct cnx btwn peripheral and secondary immune tissues
Lymphatic system
78
collects microbial antiG as both free in the lymph of if they’re associated with APC’s
Lymphatic system
79
Position on immune cells and lymphocytes
in peripheral tissue along interfaces btwn environment and organism
ust deep or in close proximity to surface of skin, digestive and respiratory, urinary or reprotract
80
Drainage of lymph: drain inferior and SVC and have collection of nodes;
AntiG are captured at peripheral site of infection then the draining lymph nodes will be sites of adaptive immune activation
81
Pathogen gains entry via
DC through the epithelium
82
Pathway of associated antiG
Pathway
1. Pathogen gains entry via a DC through the epithelium-->You get Free antigens in blood + DC associated antiG and both go down dif paths.
- -> DC assoicated antiG will enter a lymphatic vessel-->DC associated antiG will then travel to lymph node--> Lymph node captures antiG from epithelium and CT along with DC cell.
83
Pathway of free antiG
1. Pathogen gains entry via a DC through the epithelium-->You get Free antigens in blood + DC associated antiG and both go down dif paths--> Free antiG in blood will enter a venule→ enter the blood stream--> Free antiG in blood will then enter circulation and be carried to the spleen-->Blood borne antiG are captured by antiG presenting cells in the spleen
84
Encapsulatd secondary lymphoid tissue that initiate immune responses to cell-associated antiG
Lymph Nodes
85
Where do follicle of lymph node lay?
w/in outer cortex
86
- when central area of follicle stains less intesnse w/ te hematoxylin stain
- here in an increased level of B cell activation and proliferation
Germinal center:
87
Area where there is no germinal center
Parafollicular cortex
88
= rich in T cells, DCs and macrophage
| -most T cells here are naïve
Parafollicular Cortex
89
Vascular organ that removes damaged cells and immune complexes or opsonized microbes from circulation
Spleen
90
when microbes are coated with host proteins to enhance phagocytosis by myeloid cells
Opsonization
91
blood filled vascular space
| has large sinusoid where blood from vessels drain into that are lined with macrophages
Red Pulp
92
Drainage for Red pulp of spleen
c. sinusoids drain→ splenic vein→ portal circulation
93
- location of leukocytes and lymphocytes
| - initiates adaptive immune response to blood borne antiG
White pulp
94
Package scheme in white pulp
c. lypmhos here dense packed around central arteriole en passage to marginal sinus
95
sep red/white pulp
marginal zone
96
pulp has follicle w/ naïve B cells and are surrounded by periarteriolar lymphoid sheath paked with T cells, DCs and macrosphages
white pulp
97
CC: pt w/out spleen very suseptible to
infections w/ encapsulated bacteria: pneumococci and meningococci (stuff cleared by complement and phagocytosis)
98
only cells that make receptors specific for diverse antiG and are key mediators of adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
99
This APC will initiate T cll response
DC
100
This APC will cause the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity
Macrophage
101
This APC will display antiG to B lymphocytes in humoral immune response
Follicular DCs
102
what turns on NK cells?
IFN, gamma/alpha or beta and IL-12
103
how does NK induce cellular apoptosis?
Fas-FasL interaction
104
Which immune response does NK stimulate?
Adaptive immune response
105
differentiated progeny of naive cells that can make molecles w/ function to eliminate antiG
Effector cells
106
effector cells of B lineage that secreate antibodies
plasma cells
107
These effector B's devo in response to antigenic stimulation in pheripheral lymphoid organs where they may stay and produce antiB's
Plasma cells
108
Effector CD4+ cells also known as helper T's make
cytokines
109
These guys activate B cells, macrophages and mediate the helper function of CD4 T cells
cyotkines
110
Theses T cells have machinery to kill infected host cells
CD8+ or CTLs
111
cells are functionally inactive, make up less than 5% peripheral T cells in infant and up to 50% in adult
memory T cells
