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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) > Cells Structures and their Functions > Flashcards

Cells Structures and their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

basic structures/ units of living organisms.

A

Cell

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2
Q

Cell is a mass of __________ enclosed within a membrane and containing nucleus.

A

protoplasm

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3
Q

all cells arise only by ________ of pre- existing cell

A

division

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4
Q

Most Cells have a nucleus – a structure in their centre that contain genetic data, or _______________.

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid. (DNA)

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5
Q

Cells rely on this _______ to build various molecules that are essential to life.

A

data

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6
Q

Organelles are held in the _________, the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

Molecules are _________ the cell and others are ___________ just like in an efficient factory.

A

brought into
shipped out

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8
Q

This instructions are exported on long
molecules called messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). These molecules travel out o the nucleus and
into the cytoplasm.

A

Receiving Instructions (Nucleus)

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9
Q

The mRNA travels on an organelles attached
to the nucleus called the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. Protein molecule

A

Manufacture

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10
Q

The proteins travel in vesicles. They float to the cytoplasm to the golgi body.

A

Packaging

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11
Q

The mRNA travels on an organelles attached
to the nucleus called the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. Protein molecule

A

Shipping

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12
Q

is the cells command centre, containing
blueprints in the form of DNA

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Produces and processes fats and some hormones.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

The organization points for microtubules. Structures that helps separate DNA during
cell division.

A

Centrosomes

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15
Q

containers that transport materials from the cell membrane to the interior and vise versa.

A

Vesicles

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16
Q

acts as a cell’s clean up crew. They contain chemicals used to get rid of unwanted molecules.

A

Lysosomes

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17
Q

the space between organelles- is filled with
microtubules.

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

powerhouses of the cells - where most of the cell’s supply of chemical
energy is generated

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

Helps to make protein

A

Ribosome

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20
Q

a group of organism whose cells have defined a nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane.

A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

Eukaryotes is a primary component of multicellular organism.

A

Animal Cell

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22
Q
  • Cells have no nuclear membrane and no distinct nucleus
  • Mainly bacteria and blue-green algae
A

Prokaryotes

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23
Q
  • Separates the cells from the external environment
  • Regulates the transport materials in and out the cells.
    -made of two layers of phospholipid (bilayer)
A

Cell Membrane

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24
Q

Cell Membrane has many ________ embedded in it.

A

protein

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25
Q

effective seal
between the cell or organelle’s
internal and external environment.

A

Selective Permeability

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26
Q

cells engulf extracellular
substances and bring them into the cytoplasm in membrane limited vesicles.

A

Endocytosis

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27
Q

“cell-eating”,engulfs insoluble extracellular substances.

A

Phagocytosis

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28
Q

“cell-drinking”, engulfs small amounts of intracellular fluid.

A

Pinocytosis

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29
Q

mediated endocytosis

A

Receptor

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30
Q

removes substance from
the cell; process used for both secretion and excretion of digestive materials.

A

Exocytosis

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31
Q

selective inhibit
the passage of the most water- soluble substances

A

Compartmentalization

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32
Q

Storage, transport and _________.

A

secretion

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33
Q
  • control center
    appears as rounded or elongated structures. The reservoir of DNA and carries most of if its genetic information.
  • controls cellular activity bt regulating RNA synthesis, which regulated proteins synthesis
A

Nucleus

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34
Q

Major nucleus component. Made of coiled DNA which is bound to basic
proteins called histones.

A

Chromatin

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35
Q

inactivated X-chromosome in the
nuclei of female cells.

A

Barr Body

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36
Q

Loosely packed and light staining
Represents active genetic materials

A

Euchromatin (dispersed)

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37
Q

Tightly packed
Dark staining because of unused genetic materials in storage

A

Heterochromatin (condensed)

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38
Q
  • site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
  • Deep staining basophilic area
  • Composed of granules, fibrils and chromatin
A

Nucleolus

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39
Q

a semifluid, colloidal solution
in which the chromatin materials and the nucleolus are suspended.

A

Nucleoplasm

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40
Q

double membrane, maintains a separate milieu between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear envelope

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41
Q

vary in size, have a slit-like diaphragm that regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Pores

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42
Q

Nucleolus are what type of gatekeepers.

A

Protein gatekeepers

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43
Q
  • Gel like substance enclosed within the cell
    membrane
  • 70 to 90% water and usually colorless
A

Cytoplasm

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44
Q
  • Little organs
  • Usually membrane-bound
  • Structures inside the cells that have specific
    functions
  • Major organelles like mitochondria,
    ribosomes, golgi bodies, etc.
A

Organlles

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45
Q

Non-Membrane Bound Organelles

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Junctions
  • Centrosomes
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46
Q

structures that are generally more transient than organelles and less actively involved in cell metabolism

A

CytoplasmicInclusions

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47
Q

Includes secretory inclusions (enzymes,
acids, proteins), nutritive inclusions (glycogen granules, lipid droplets), and pigment granule (melanin, lipofuscin, hemosiderin).

A

CytoplasmicInclusions

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48
Q

Provides structural stability for the maintenance of cell shape.

A

Cytoskeleton

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49
Q
  • Network of flatted sacs and branching
    tubules.
  • Involved in the synthesis, packaging, and processing of various cell subtances.
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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50
Q
  • Granular, ribosomes are attached to the
    other surface of the RER
  • Synthesis of protein
  • Proteins are modified as they move through
    RER
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

51
Q
  • Network of tubular membrane structures
  • Continuous with RER
  • No ribosomes attached to the surface
  • Involved in lipid synthesis
  • In muscle cells, the SER assist in the control
    of muscle contraction
  • In liver cells, the SER detoxifies medications
    and alcohol
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

52
Q
  • is the microscopic study of the normal tissues of the body
  • Study of the relationship of between cell structure and function
A

Histology

53
Q

is the study of changes in the microscopic structures of tissues.

A

Histopathology

54
Q

The organs in your body are composed of four basic types of tissue, including:

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

55
Q

All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the ___________ first.

A

epithelial tissue

56
Q

Cover body surfaces and line the cavities of
hollow organs, tubes of the body, and cover
internal organs.

A

Epithelial Tissue

57
Q

Epithelial Tissue May develop from?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm.

58
Q

very cellular and compact

A

Epithelial cells

59
Q

body substance in which the tissue cells are embedded; binds the epithelial cells together.

A

Intercellular cementing substance

60
Q

True or False. One of the components of Epithelial tissues is it is large amount only.

A

False. Small amount only.

61
Q

General Characteristics of Epithelial tissue.

A
  1. Most cellular tissue
  2. Form cheers or coverings
  3. Avascular- no blood vessels
  4. Wetormoist
  5. Form clumps or masses
  6. Attached to one another by cell junctions
62
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A
  1. Protection
  2. Absorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Sensoryreception
  5. Excretion
  6. Lubrication
63
Q
  • all epithelial cells are attached to this
  • Separates the epithelial tissue from
    underlying connective tissue
  • Provides structural support for the epithelium
    and binds it to neighboring structures
A

Basement membrane

64
Q

The thin layer of loose connective tissue
immediately beneath the epithelium; underlying the basement membrane.

A

Lamina Propia

65
Q
  • Consist of multiprotein complexes
  • Attachment on lateral surfaces of epithelial
    cells
  • Epithelium forms continuous cohesive layer
A

Intercellular surfaces Cell junctions

66
Q

(Membrane Specialization of) Epithelia
Functions:

A
  • Holds together
  • Cell junctions
67
Q

(Membrane Specialization of) Consist of ___________ complexes

A

multi-protein

68
Q

(Membrane Specialization of) Attachment on ________ of epithelial
cells

A

lateral surfaces

69
Q

(Membrane Specialization of) Epithelium forms continuous ___________

A

cohesive layer

70
Q

hemi desmosomes and desmosome (macula adherens); hold cell together to prevent lateral tearing of tissues and provide mechanical attachment

A

Adhering Junctions (zonula adherens)

71
Q

impermeable junctions; most apical junction; principal function is to form seal that prevents the flow of materials between epithelial cells in either way.

A

Tight Junctions (zonulae occludens)

72
Q

mediate intercellular communication, permit passage of substances between adjacent cells

A

Gap/Communicating Junctions

73
Q

Gap/Communicating Junctions can occur almost anywhere along lateral membranes of most epithelial cells and present in?

A

nerves, heart muscles, smooth muscle (intestines), and epithelia

74
Q
  • minute finger-like extensions or
    folds, about 0.5-1 micrometer high and 0.08 micrometer wide.
  • increase the cell surface area available for absorption.
  • Brush border appearance
A

Luminal/Apical Surfaces
a. Microvilli

75
Q
  • elongated, motile structures, about 5- 10 micrometres long and 0.2 micrometres in diameter.
  • have a rapid back and fort movement that is frequently coordinated propelling surface films of mucus and fluid.
A

Luminal/Apical Surfaces b. Cilia

76
Q
  • long, nonmotile process of cells of the epididymis and vas deferens, hair cells of the inner ear.
  • Increase the cell surface area and facilitate the movement of molecules into the out of the cell.
A

Luminal/Apical Surfaces
c. Stereocilia

77
Q

single layer

A

a. Lining/covering epithelium
Simple

78
Q

single layer of flattened
cells with bulge where nucleus is located, cytoplasm is very thin and touch to see.

A

Simple Squamous

79
Q

single layer of square or round cells, 3D are approximately equal, giving the cells a cube- like appearance

A

Simple Cuboidal

80
Q
  • Consists of cells whose length is several times their width.
  • May vary tall and slender, standing upright like columns, all oval nuclei approximately at the same level.
  • Can be found in your stomach
A

Simple Columnar

81
Q
  • ciliated with
    goblet cell.
  • Can be found in respiratory track from nasal cavity to bronchi.
  • The mucus secreted by the goblet cells traps the dust bacteria.
A

Pseudostratified columnar

82
Q

Pseudostratified columnar - the cilia “sweep” the _________ up the respiratory tract towards the pharynx where it can be swallowed.

A

bacteria- laden mucus

83
Q

two or more layers

A

Stratified

84
Q

also called dry epithelium (Epidermis, palm skin, and soles of feet)- protection against mechanical abrasion water loss and pathogen entry.

A

Keratinized

85
Q

also known as wet
epithelium ( Esophagus, lining of oral cavity, surface of the tongue, lining of esophagus, lining of vagina, and anal canal)- protects from mechanical abrasion

A

Non-Keratinized

86
Q

Non-Keratinized due to?

A

eating food, swallowing, sexual intercourse, birth and defecation

87
Q

Transitional Epithelium is also called as

A

Uroepithelium

88
Q

lines in the urinary bladder, ureter and the upper part of urethra. Surface cells are rounder and often bulge above the surface (dome-shaped)

A

Transitional Epithelium

89
Q

two or more layers

A

Neuroepithelium/ Sensory

90
Q

each has long slender microvilli (taste hair) that protrude from the taste pore.

A

Taste buds

91
Q

Auditory hair cells in the organ of?

A

corti-internal ear (for hearing)

92
Q

Photoreceptors - ______
Olfactory epithelium
(olfactory sensory neurons) - __________

A

eye
nasal cavity

93
Q

According to the number of secretory cells

A

Glandular/Pyramidal Epithelium

94
Q

Unicellular - ___________ Multicellular glands

A

goblet cells

95
Q

secretory products delivered thru a system ducts.

A

Exocrine

96
Q

contains secretory cell

A

Secretory Portion

97
Q

Secretory Portion that are thin, watery

A

Serous cells

98
Q

Secretory Portion that are thick secretion

A

Mucous cells

99
Q

ductless glands, release their products into the blood or lymph (hormones)

A

Endocrine

100
Q

Examples of Exocirne

A

Sweat glands, salivary, mammary and sebaceous.

101
Q

Example of Endocrine

A

Thyroid glands, adrenal, pituitary.

102
Q

watery secretion (pancreas, parotid salivary gland)

A

Serous glands

103
Q

intermediate
(submandibular salivary gland, sublingual gland)

A

Muco-serous/mixed glands

104
Q

thick or viscid secretion
(goblet cells, sebaceous, deep esophageal and duodenal gland).

A

Mucous glands

105
Q

Duct that is unbranched (tubular, branches tubular, coiled tubular and branched alveolar

A

Simple

106
Q

Duct is branched (tubular or alveolar)

A

Compound

107
Q

Secretory portion that is straight

A

Tubular

108
Q

Secretory portion that is roughly spherical

A

Acinar

109
Q

Secretory portion that is Intestinal gland

A

Simple tubular glands

110
Q

Secretory portion that is sweat glands

A

Coiled- tubular glands

111
Q

Secretory portion that is mammary gland

A

Compound acinar gland

112
Q

Secretory portion that is salivary gland

A

Compound tubuloacinar gland

113
Q

largest, pure serous, located nearaers and ascendingbranch of lower jaw.

A

Parotid glands

114
Q

Duct is called ________ which opensin the rear of the mouth near the upper second molar.

A

Stensen’s duct

115
Q

mixed secretion, but no more serous. Located along theside of the lower jaw bone.

A

Submaxillary/Submandibularglands

116
Q

__________ opens into the floor of the mouth.

A

Wharton’s duct

117
Q

mixedsecretion,mainly mucous

A

Sublingual glands

118
Q

Located beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth bear the chin region. The duct is ___________ which consist of 8- 20smaller ducts called Rivinus’ Ducts

A

Bartholin’s duct

119
Q

clear, lightly-stained , with the characteristics moth-eaten appearance or fine lace-like pattern

A

Cytoplasm

120
Q

flattened towards against the base

A

Nucleus

121
Q

darkly stained, it appears granular

A

Cytoplasm

122
Q

rounded, located near the base

A

Nucleus

123
Q

pure serous both exocrine and endocrine glands
Cells are pyramidal in shape.

A

Pancreas

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) (7 decks)

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