Tissues Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
groups of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding
them
A
Tissues
2
Q
the microscopic study of tissue structure
A
Histology
3
Q
- Found both inside and outside the body
- Forms the layers that cover the surfaces and line the hollow organs of our body
A
Epthelium
4
Q
Functions of Epithelia
A
- Protecting underlying structures
- Acting as a barrier
- Permitting the passage of substances 4. Secreting substances
- Absorbing substances
5
Q
Shape and number of layers of epithelial cells can change if they are subjected to long-term irritation or other abnormal conditions
A
Clinical Impact
6
Q
- Structures that hold them to each other or to the basement membrane.
- Mechanically bind the cells together
- Help form a barrier to the movement of molecules
- Provide a mechanism for intercellular communication
A
Cell Connections
7
Q
Cell connection structures that mechanically bind epithelial cells together
A
Desmosomes
8
Q
Bind cells to the basement membrane
A
Hemidesmosomes
9
Q
barrier to movement of molecules or ions between epithelial cells
A
Tight Junctions
10
Q
allow for intercellular communication
A
Gap Junctions
11
Q
Composed of epithelium supported by a network of connective tissue
A
Glands
12
Q
- produce chemicals called hormones
- ductless glands
- extensive network of blood vessels
A
Endocrine
13
Q
categorized on the basis of their structure and mode of secretion
A
Exocrine
14
Q
refers to the tube in contact with the epithelial tissue free surface
A
Duct
15
Q
responsible for producing the secreted material
A
Secretory Portion
16
Q
Unicellular example
A
Goblet Cell
17
Q
Unicellular mode of secretion
A
Mecrorine
18
Q
Multicellular Simple structural subtype
A
Simple tubular
Simple branched tubular
Simple acinar
Simple branched acinar
19
Q
Multicellular Simple example
A
Glands in stomach, Gastric glands in stomach, Sebaceous glands, and thyroid glans
20
Q
Multicellular Simple mode of secretion
A
Merocrine
Merocrine
Holocrine
Merocrine
21
Q
Compound Structural subtype
A
Compound tubular
Compound acinar
Compound tubuloacinar
22
Q
Compound example
A
Mucous glands of duodenum, Mammary glands, and Pancreas
23
Q
Compound mode of secretion
A
Merocrine
Apocrine for fatty portion
Merocrine for protein-rich portion
Merocrine
24
Q
Glands forming a straight tube with no branching of the secretory
portion
A
Simple tubular
25
several tubular secretory portions branching from the single duct
Simple branched tubular
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glands with a single saclike secretory portion
Simple acinar
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glands with several acinar secretory portions branching from the single duct
Simple branched acinar
28
glands with multiple ducts, each with a narrow tubular secretory portion
Compound tubular
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glands with multiple ducts, each with several saclike secretory portions
Compound acinar
30
glands with multiple ducts, each with several tubular and acinar secretory portions
Compund tuboloacinar
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- release of secretory products through
- exocytosis most common
Merocrine secretion
32
release of secretory products when a portion of the free surface of the
epithelial cell pinches off
Apocrine
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release of secretory products through shedding of entire cells
Holocrine
34
consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix
Connective Tissue
35
Functions of Connective Tissue
- Enclosing and separating other tissues - Connecting tissues to one another
- Supporting and moving parts of the body
- Storing compounds
- Cushioning and insulating
- Transporting
- Protecting
36
create the matrix
“Blasts”
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maintain
“Cytes”
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break it down for remodeling
“Clasts”
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3 major components of Extracellular Matrix
- Protein fibers
- Ground substance
- Fluid
40
3 types of protein fibers of the matrix
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic
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consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides
Proteoglycans
42
The amount of fluid in the matrix is correlated with the ________ and ____________ of ground substance molecules
type and quantity
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Classification of Connective Tissues
Embryonic
Adult
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This connective tissue has fewer fibers, more ground substance
Loose Connective Tissue
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This connective tissue has more fibers, less ground substance
Dense Connective Tissue
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This connective tissue has semisolid matrix
Cartilage
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This connective tissue has solid matrix
Bone
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This connective tissue is fluid
Blood
49
consists of few protein fibers that form a lacy network
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
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Dense Connective Tissues
Collagenous
Elastic
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Supporting Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Bones
52
- Composed of chondrocytes
- Collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and strength
Cartilage
53
Cartilages
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
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A hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a ineralized matrix
Bone
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bone cells
Osteocytes
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This type of bone:
- has spaces between trabeculae or plates of bone
- resembles a sponge
Spongy bone
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This type of bone:
- more solid
- almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix
Compact bone
58
3 Types of Muscle Tisse
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
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- Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities
Nervous Tissue
60
A thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
Tissue Membrane
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Tissue Membranes
- Cutaneous (External)
- Mucous
- Serous
- Synovial
62
- Line cavities that open to the outside of the body
- Digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
- Consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, and a thick layer of loose connective tissue
Mucous Membrane
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- Line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body
- Pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities
- Protects internal organs from friction
Serous Membranes
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- Line the cavities of freely movable joints
- produce synovial fluid
Synovial Membranes
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Tissue Damage and Inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Disturbance of Function
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- Substitution of viable cells for dead cells
- Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or by replacement
Tissue Repair
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Has an exceptional ability to support and protect body structures due to its hardness, which is determined by the additional collagen fibers and calcium salts found in the extracellular matrix.
Bone (Osseous) Tissue
68
Gives rise to blood cells
Bone Marrow
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Similar to that of cartilage but is harder and more rigid, more abundant collagen fibers, Support and protect body structures due to its hardness and provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells, specifically the bone marrow.
Matrix
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Major Cell Type of Bones
Osteocytes
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Immature bone cells
Osteoblasts
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Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
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It is where the cells reside
Lacunae (cavity in bone or cartilage within the matrix they have made)
74
Characteristics of the bone tissues
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers.
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Functions of the bone
Bone supports and protects (by enclosing), Provides levers for the muscles to act on ,Stores calcium and other minerals and fat, Site for cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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Fluid within blood vessels, classified as connective tissue and is the most atypical connective tissue it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells
Blood
77
Why is blood the most atypical tissue?
Do not connect things or give support.
78
Nonliving fluid matrix
Blood Plasma
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Function of the Blood
Transports of gasses, nutrients, wastes and other substances.
80
What do red blood cells transport?
Oxygen
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Location of the blood
within the blood vessels
82
Five types of White Blood Cells
Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil, Basophil
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White Blood Cell that Attacks bacteria
Neutrophil
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White Blood Cell that Attacks Virus
Lymphocytes
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White Blood Cell that
Eosinophil
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Main components of the nervous system
nervous tissue
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Regulates and controls body functions
nervous tissue in particular the brain, spinal cord and nerves
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Two types of cells
Neurons and Supporting cells
89
Specialized cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses and are branching cells
Neurons
90
Non-conductive cells that support, insulate and protect the neurons and are contributing to nervous tissue.
Supporting cells
91
Function of the nervous tissue
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors
92
Location of the nervous tissue
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve
93
Inflammation of the brain caused by viral infection, potentially life-threatening and is the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid.
Encephalitis
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Highly cellular, well vascularized tissues responsible for movement.
Muscle Tissue
95
Possess myofilaments
Muscle cells (muscle fibers)
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That brings about movement or contraction in all muscle cell types
Actin and Myosin filaments
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3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
98
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations
skeletal muscle
99
Function of the skeletal muscle
Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors_voluntary movements, locomotion and facial expression.
100
Location of the skeletal muscle
In skeletal muscles attached to bones and occasionally to skin
101
Branching, striated generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
102
Specialized Junctions
Intercalated Discs
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Function of the cardiac muscle tissue
As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation and its involuntary
104
Location of the cardiac muscle
Walls of the heart
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Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei, has no striations and the cells are arranged closely to form sheets
Smooth Muscle Tissue
106
Function of the Smooth Muscle Tissue
Propels substances or objects along internal passageways and its involuntary
107
Location of the Smooth Muscle Tissue
Mostly in the walls of hollow organs
108
Loss of Fiber Degeneration and is caused by a defective gene in the X chromosome
Muscular Dystrophy
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Non-functional muscle protein and is produced in the X Chromosome
Dystrophin
110
Tissues that regenerate easily
- Epithelial Tissue
- Fibrous Connective tissue and bone
111
Tissues that regenerate poorly (avascular)
- Skeletal muscle
- Cartilage
112
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
- Cardiac Muscle
- Nervous Tissue within the brain and spinal cord
