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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) > Sensory System > Flashcards

Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

2 basic group of senses

A

General and Special Senses

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2
Q

This General Senses provides sensory information about the body and the environment.

A

Somatic senses

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3
Q

This General Senses provides information about various internal organs primarily involving pain and pressure.

A

Visceral senses

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4
Q

Special Senses

A

Smell (olfaction)
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Balance

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5
Q

sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable
of responding to stimuli by developing action
potentials

A

Sensort Receptors

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6
Q

respond to mechanical stimuli, such as the bending or stretching of
receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

respond to chemicals

A

Chemoreceptors

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8
Q

Example of Chemoreceptors

A

odor molecules bind to chemoreceptors, allowing us
to perceive smell

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9
Q

respond to light

A

Photoreceptors

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10
Q

respond to temperature changes

A

Thermoreceptors

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11
Q

respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain

A

Nociceptors

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12
Q

General Senses

A

Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature
Vibration
Itch
Proprioception

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13
Q

light touch and superficial pressure

A

Merkel disks

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14
Q

associated with hairs; involved in detecting light touch (not very discriminative)

A

Hair follicle receptors

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15
Q
  • fine, discriminative touch and are located just deep to the epidermis
  • very specific in localizing tactile sensations
A

Meissner corpuscles

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16
Q

continuous pressure in the skin

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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17
Q
  • deepest receptors; associated with tendons and joints
  • relay information concerning deep pressure, vibration, and body position (proprioception)
A

Pacinian corpuscles

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18
Q

Group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional
experiences

A

Pain

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19
Q
  • Perceived to originate in a region of the body that is
    not the source of the pain stimulus
  • Most commonly sensed when deeper structures,
    such as internal organs, are damaged or inflamed
A

Referred Pain

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20
Q

Special Senses and its receptors

A

Smell (olfaction) - chemoreceptors

Taste - chemoreceptors

Vision - photoreceptors

Hearing - mechanoreceptors

Balance - mechanoreceptors

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21
Q
  • Airborne odorants become dissolved in the mucus
    on the surface of the epithelium
  • The binding of the odorant to the receptor initiates
    action potentials
A

Olfaction

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22
Q

sensory structures that detect taste stimuli

A

Taste buds

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23
Q

Where is Taste buds located?

A

on the surface of the tongue (papillae)

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24
Q

5 Basic type of Taste sensation

A

Sour
Salty
Bitter
Sweet
Umami (savory)

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25
Q

Cranial nerve that is anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

A

Facial nerve

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26
Q

Cranial nerve that is posterior one-third

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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27
Q

Cranial nerve that is root of the tongue

A

Vagus nerve

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28
Q

Visual system includes the eyes, the accessory
structures, and sensory neurons.

A

Vision

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29
Q

Eyes are housed within bony cavities called? orbits

A

orbits

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30
Q

protect, lubricate, and move the eye

A

Accessory Structures of the Eye

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31
Q

List the Accessories Structures of the Eye

A

Eyebrows
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles

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32
Q

The __________ protect the eyes by preventing perspiration from running down the forehead and into
the eyes, causing irritation. They also help shade the
eyes from direct sunlight

A

eyebrows

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33
Q
  • associated lashes, protect the eyes from foreign objects
  • helps keep the eyes lubricated by spreading tears over the surfaces
A

Eyelids

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34
Q
  • a thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the
    inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of
    the eye
  • helps lubricate the surface of the eye
A

Conjunctiva

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35
Q
  • situated in the superior lateral corner of the orbit
  • produce tears
A

Lacrimal gland

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36
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus 2 parts

A

Lacrimal gland
Nasolacrimal duct

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37
Q

Responsible for the movement of each eyeball

A

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

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38
Q

Six extrinsic eye muscles attached to its?

A

surface

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39
Q

Four of these muscles attach to the four quadrants of
the eyeball. What are they?

A

superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles

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40
Q

Two muscles are located at an angle to the long axis of
the eyeball. What are they?

A

superior and inferior oblique muscles

41
Q
  • hollow, fluid-filled sphere
  • The wall of the eyeball is composed of three tissue
    layers, or tunics
A

Eyeball

42
Q
  • Firm, white, outer connective tissue layer of the posterior
    fibrous tunic
  • Maintains the shape of the eye
  • Protects the internal structures, and provides attachment sites
    for the extrinsic eye muscles.
A

Sclera

43
Q
  • Transparent anterior portion of the eye
  • Permits light to enter
A

Cornea

44
Q

Fibrous Tunic parts

A

Sclera
Cornea

45
Q
  • Middle layer of the eye
  • Contains most of the blood vessels of the eye
A

Vascular Tunic

46
Q
  • The posterior portion of the vascular tunic
  • Consists of a vascular network and many melanin-containing
    pigment cells
A

Choroid

47
Q

contains smooth muscles called ciliary muscles, which attach to
the perimeter of the lens by suspensory ligaments

A

Ciliary body

48
Q

colored part of the eye; contractile structure consisting mainly of
smooth muscle surrounding an opening (pupil)

A

Iris

49
Q

Innermost layer and consists of the retina

A

Nervous Tunic

50
Q

covers the posterior five-sixths of the eye

A

Retina

51
Q

Retina is composed of
two layers:

A

Outer pigmented retina
Inner sensory retina

52
Q

With the choroid, keeps light from reflecting back into the
eye.

A

Outer pigmented retina

53
Q

Contains photoreceptor cells and numerous interneurons.

A

Inner sensory retina

54
Q

function in dim light because they are very sensitive; do not provide color vision

A

Rods

55
Q

require much more light; provide color vision

A

Cones

56
Q

What color is being provided by Cones?

A

blue, green, or red

57
Q

small spot near the center of the posterior retina

A

Macula

58
Q
  • center of the macula
  • part of the retina where light is most focused Optic disc
  • contains only cone cell
A

Fovea centralis

59
Q
  • White spot just medial to the macula through which a
    number of blood vessels enter the eye and spread over
    the surface of the retina
  • “Blind spot of the eye”
A

Optic disc

60
Q

Optic disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to?

A

light

61
Q

Absence of perception of one or more of perception of one or more color.

A

Color blindness

62
Q

Most forms of color blindness occur more frequently in?

A

males and are X-linked genetic traits

63
Q
  • Misalignment of the two eyes
  • Results from weakness of the muscles moving the eyes
A

Diplopia/ double vision

64
Q

The organs of hearing and balance are located in
the ears.

A

Hearing and Balance

65
Q

part extending from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) (areas of ear)

A

External ear

66
Q

air-filled chamber medial to the tympanic membrane (areas of ear)

A

Middle ear

67
Q

set of fluid-filled chambers medial to the middle ear (areas of ear)

A

Inner ear

68
Q

External Ear parts

A

Auricle
The tympanic membrane

69
Q
  • fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head
  • collects sound waves and directs them toward the external auditory canal
A

Auricle

70
Q
  • Eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear
  • Sound waves reaching the tympanic membrane cause it to vibrate
A

The tympanic membrane

71
Q
  • Medial to the tympanic membrane
  • Air-filled cavity of the middle ear
A

Middle Ear

72
Q

Middle Ear contains _____________________ forming a flexible, bony bridge that transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

A

auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

73
Q

In the middle ear 2 muscles attached to the malleus help dampen vibrations
caused by loud noises, protecting the?

A

delicate inner ear structures

74
Q

As a person changes altitude, sounds seem muffled and the person may experience?

A

ear pain

75
Q

consists of interconnecting tunnels and chambers within
the temporal bone (bony labyrinth)

A

Inner Ear

76
Q

Inside the bony labyrinth is a smaller set of membranous
tunnels and chambers called?

A

the membranous labyrinth

77
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid
called?

A

endolymph

78
Q

The space between the membranous and bony
labyrinths is filled with a fluid called?

A

perilymph

79
Q

Bony labyrinth can be divided into three regions:

A

Cochlea - involved in hearing
Vestibule - balance
Semicircular canals - balance

80
Q

Process of hearing involves two major steps:

A
  1. Conduction of sound waves
  2. Stimulation of hearing receptors
81
Q

What happens in Conduction of sound waves?

A

involves structures of the outer, middle, and inner ears

82
Q

What happens in Stimulation of hearing receptors?

A

occurs in the inner ear

83
Q

The senses of hearing and balance are both transmitted by the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).

A

Neuronal Pathways for Hearing

84
Q

associated with the vestibule; involved in evaluating the
position of the head relative to gravity

A

Static equilibrium

85
Q

associated with the semicircular canals; involved in evaluating changes in the direction and rate of head movements

A

Dynamic equilibrium

86
Q

Static equilibrium and Dynamic equilibrium are components of?

A

Balance

87
Q

Type of conjunctivitis by Chlamydia; leading cause of infectious blindness in the world; transmitted by contact or flies.

A

Trachoma

88
Q

Infection of eyelash hair follicle

A

Stye

89
Q

Nearsightedness; caused when refractive power of cornea and lens is too great relative to length of eye.

A

Myopia

90
Q

Farsightedness; caused when cornea is too flat or lens has too little refractive power relative to length of eye.

A

Hyperopia

91
Q

Cornea or lens is not uniformly curved, so image is not sharply focused.

A

Astigmatism

92
Q

One or both eyes are misdirected; can result from weak eye msucles.

A

Strabismus

93
Q

Clauding of lens as a result of advancing age, infection, or trauma; most common cause of blindness in the world.

A

Cataract

94
Q

Loss of sharp central vision, peripheral vision maintained; leading cause of legal blindness in older Americans; most causes not known.

A

Macular degeneration

95
Q

Involves optic nerve degeneration, cataracts, retinal detachment; often caused by blood vessel degeneration and hemorrhage.

A

Diabetic retinopathy

96
Q

Separation of sensory retina from pigmented retina; relatively common problem; may result in vision loss.

A

Retinal detachment

97
Q

Phantom sound sensations, such as ringing in ears; common problem.

A

Tinnitus

98
Q

Vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and feeling of fullness in the affected ear; most common disease involving dizziness from inner ear; cause unknown but may involve a fluid abnormality in ears.

A

Meniere disease

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) (7 decks)

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