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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

Receiving sensory input
Integrating information
Controlling muscles and glands
Maintaining homeostasis
Establishing and maintaining mental activity

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

CENTRAL
* Brain
* Spinal Cord

PERIPHERAL
* Nerves
* Ganglia

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3
Q

from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory division

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4
Q

from the CNS to effector organs

A

Motor division

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5
Q

receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

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6
Q

carry out different activities that enhance neuron
function and maintain normal conditions within nervous
tissue

A

Glial cells

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7
Q
  • short, branching cytoplasmic extensions
  • receive information from other neurons
A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body.

A

Axon

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9
Q

The difference between Axons of sensory neurons and Axons of motor neurons.

A

Axons of sensory neurons conduct action potentials towards the CNS, and axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials away from the CNS.

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10
Q

This Glial Cell is major supporting cells in the CNS.

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

This Glial Cell is line the fluid-filled cavities.

A

Ependymal cells

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12
Q

This Glial Cell act as immune cells of the CNS.

A

Microglia

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13
Q

This Glial Cell provides an insulating material that surrounds axons.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

This Glial Cell provides insulating material around axons.

A

Schwann Cells

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15
Q

This Glial Cell provides insulating material around axons

A

Satellite Cells

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16
Q

specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some
neurons

A

Myelin Sheaths

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17
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

lack the myelin sheaths

A

Unmyelinated axons

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19
Q

a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ

A

Synapse

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20
Q

Give the Nuerotransmitters (substances)

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin
Dopamine
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glycine
Endorphins

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21
Q

The nerves of the PNS can be divided into two
groups, what are they?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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22
Q

Extends from the foramen magnum at the base of
the skull to the second lumbar vertebra.

A

Spinal Cord

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23
Q

Involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus.

A

Reflexes

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24
Q

basic functional unit of the nervous system because it is
the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.

A

Reflex arc

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25
occurs when muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them.
Knee-Jerk Reflex
26
connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain
Brainstem
27
Brainstem consist of 3 parts, what are they?
Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain
28
Brainstem controls?
heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
29
the most inferior portion of the brainstem; it regulates heart rate and blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance, and coordination
Medulla Oblongata
30
Immediately superior to the medulla oblongata. Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts, as well as several nuclei.
Pons
31
Pons control the functions for?
breathing, swallowing, balance chewing and salivation
32
Lies superior to the pons. Smallest region of the brainstem. Involved in coordinating eye movements and controlling pupil diameter and lens shape.
Midbrain
33
Midbrain also contains ____________ involved in regulating general body movements.
substantia nigra
34
Attached to the brainstem by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles.
Cerebellum
35
Part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum.
Diencephalon
36
- the largest part of the diencephalon. - consists of a cluster of nuclei - influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
Thalamus
37
- Small area superior and posterior to the thalamus. - Consists of a few small nuclei, involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors, and the pineal gland.
Epithalamus
38
an endocrine gland that may influence the onset of puberty
Pineal gland (influenced by the light-dark cycle)
39
- most inferior part of the diencephalon - contains several small nuclei that are very important in maintaining homeostasis
Hypothalamus
40
Hypothalamus controls?
- control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst - sexual pleasure, rage, fear, and relaxation after a meal
41
The largest part of the brain. It is divided into left and right hemispheres.
Cerebrum
42
This lobe is important in the control of voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, and olfactory reception.
Frontal lobe
43
This lobe contains sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, and balance).
Parietal lobe
44
This lobe is the receiving and perceiving visual input.
Occipital lobe
45
This lobe contains olfactory (smell) and auditory (hearing) sensations and plays an important role in memory.
Temporal lobe
46
connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
47
most superficial and thickest of the meninges
dura mater
48
- second meningeal membrane - “spiderlike” - space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the subdural space
arachnoid mater
49
third meningeal membrane
Pia mater
50
Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains blood vessels.
Subarachnoid space
51
- provides a protective cushion around the CNS - produced by choroid plexuses
Cerebrospinal Fluid
52
- Blockage of the openings in the fourth ventricle or the cerebral aqueduct - CSF accumulate in the ventricles
Hydrocephalus
53
- are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain - send electrical signals - designated by Roman numerals from I to XII
Cranial Nerves
54
two general categories of cranial nerve function
Sensory and Motor
55
vision, touch and pain in the face
Sensory functions
56
This motor function innervates skeletal muscles in the head and neck.
Somatic motor
57
This motor function innervates glands, smooth muscle throughout the body, and cardiac muscle of the heart.
Parasympathetic
58
Name the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
59
- innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - functions are largely controlled unconsciously - composed of sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division
Autonomic Nervous System
60
Fight or Flight division, located at T1-L2 for preganglionic while located at chain ganglia for postganglionic .
Sympathetic
61
Rest and digest division, located at CIII, CVII, CIX, CX; S2-S4 spinar nerves for preganglionic while located at terminal ganglia near for postganglionic.
Parasympathetic
62
Site of Release and effect of Acetylcholine (ACh).
Site of Release - CNS synpases, ANS synapses, and neuromuscular junctions Effect - Excitatory or inhibitory
63
Site of Release and effect of Norepinephrine (NE).
Site of Release - Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses Effect - Excitatory
64
Site of Release and effect of Serotonin.
Site of Release - CNS synapses Effect - Generally inhibitory
65
Site of Release and effect of Dopamine.
Site of Release - Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses Effect - Excitatory or inhibitory
66
Site of Release and effect of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Site of Release - CNS synapses Effect - Inhibitory
67
Site of Release and effect of Glycine.
Site of Release - CNS synapses Effect - Inhibitory
68
Site of Release and effect of Endorphins.
Site of Release - Descending pain pathways Effect - Inhibitory

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) (7 decks)

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