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Anatomy & Physiology > Cells, Tissues and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues and Homeostasis Flashcards

0
Q

Size of a eukaryotic cell

A

10-40um

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1
Q

Cell with a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Multi-cellular organism cell

A

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Single-cell organism cell

A

Prokaryotic

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4
Q

Bacteria and fungi are examples if what cell

A

Prokaryotic

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5
Q

What hereditary material does a prokaryotic cell contain

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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6
Q

What size is a prokaryotic cell?

A

1-5um

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7
Q

Name 6 organelles

A 
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Mitochondrion
Lysosomes
Secretory vesicles
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8
Q

The study of cellular structure and function is..?

A

Cytology

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9
Q

Put these in order of organisation:

System, organ, tissue, cell, organism

A

Cell > Tissue > Organ > System > Organism

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10
Q

The plasma membrane is a fatty structure made up of:

A

90% lipids

10% proteins

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11
Q

What is selectively permeable and interacts with other cells?

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

What is a viscous fluid made up of H2O, ions and proteins?

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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14
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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15
Q

The nucleus contains…

A

Chromosomes which carry DNA

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16
Q

The nucleolus contains…

A

RNA

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17
Q

Cell division in the nucleus occurs by:

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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18
Q

Protein synthesis in the cell occurs where?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Lipid synthesis occurs where in the cell?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Packaging, modification and sorting proteins into vesicles occurs where in the cell?

A

Golgi complex

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21
Q

Double-membrane organelle where cellular respiration takes place…

A

Mitochondrion

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22
Q

ATP stands for…

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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23
Q

Where does ATP synthesis occur in the cell?

A

Mitochondrion

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24
Q

Where does the breakdown to macromolecules take place in the cell?

A

Lysosomes

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25
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Enzymes

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26
Q

What to secretory granules do?

A

Release a product into circulation

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27
Q

How to secretory granules release substances

A

Exocytosis

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28
Q

The study of tissues is

A

Histology

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29
Q

An aggregation of cells with a specialised structure and/or function is…

A

Tissue

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30
Q

Epithelium…

A

Covering

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31
Q

Connective…

A

Support

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32
Q

Muscle…

A

Movement

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33
Q

Neural tissue

A

Control

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34
Q

Which type of tissue acts as protective/barrier and controls absorption/secretion

A

Epithelium

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35
Q

Where are epithelial cells found

A

Skin and GI tract

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36
Q

What are the shape classifications of epithelial cells

A

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

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37
Q

What are the 2 types do numbered classification epithelial cells called

A

Simple

Stratified

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38
Q

Where are stratified squamous cells found

A

Oral cavity

Anus

Vagina

Oesophagus

Skin

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39
Q

Which cells are flat surface cells with many layers

A

Stratified squamous

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40
Q

Where are keratinised stratified squamous found?

A

Hair, some parts of the skin

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41
Q

What is the main function of keratinised stratified squamous cells

A

Protection and barrier

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42
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found

A

Glands

Kidney tubules

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43
Q

What is the main function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

44
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium found

A

GI Tract

45
Q

What is the main function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorption a and secretion

46
Q

What do micro villi do?

A

Increase surface area

47
Q

Where are complex columnar epithelium found

A

Trachea

Large respiratory airways

48
Q

What are complex columnar epithelium

A

Tall, <1 type of cell

Appear stratified but are not

49
Q

What is a tight junction between cells

A

Proteins that bind adjacent cells together

50
Q

What is a gap junction in a cell

A

Specialised area of cell membrane that allows substances to move between cell membranes

51
Q

A disease of connective tissue is…

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

52
Q

Non-living material that provides structural/metabolic support is which type of tissue

A

Connective tissue

53
Q

Which type if tissue is the extra cellular matrix

A

Specialised connective tissue

54
Q

Name four types of. ‘Proper’ and fluid specialised connective tissue

A

Bone & cartilage

Ligament

Adipocytes

Blood

55
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

56
Q

Name 3 types of connective tissue

A

Loose (areolar) - epithelium

Dense irregular - skin

Denser regular - ligaments, tendons

57
Q

The most abundant protein in the body is

A

Collagen - 25%

58
Q

How many types of collagen are there?

A

28

59
Q

What does elastin do

A

Facilitates stretching and recoiling of structures

60
Q

What are the key roles of elastin in:

Skin

Lungs

Blood vessels

A

Skin - stretching

Lungs - inflate/deflate

Blood vessels - contract/relax

61
Q

The cell organelle which is the site responsible for protein synthesis is the

A

Ribosome

62
Q

The plasma membrane is freely permeable to

A

Steroid hormones

63
Q

Collagen is NOT present in the matrix of

A

Blood

64
Q

In negative feedback control systems involved in homeostasis the effector tissue is often

A

A muscle or a gland

65
Q

The 3 basic fibre types in connective tissue are

A

Collagen

Reticular

Elastic

66
Q

Negative feedback control systems are involved in the control of

A

Body temperature

67
Q

Extra cellular fluid differs from intracellular fluid, in adults, in that it’s volume is

A

Smaller

68
Q

Relative to the elbow the wrist is

A

Distal

69
Q

Haemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into:

A

Hypotonic solution

70
Q

What type of cell is found in the thyroid gland

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

71
Q

Homeostasis usually involves continuos activity of

A

Sensory receptors

72
Q

Homeostasis is the ability to

A

Maintain a constant internal environment

73
Q

Positive feedback is

A

Moving further away from the set point

74
Q

Negative feedback is

A

Moving toward the set point

75
Q

Set point for temperature

A

37 degrees

76
Q

Set level for blood glucose

A

4.5-5.6mmol

77
Q

Set blood volume

A

60-80ml/kg

78
Q

Set BP levels for systolic and diastolic

A

<80mmHg

79
Q

Set calcium serum levels

A

2.2-2.67mmol/L

80
Q

Set sodium levels in serum

A

135-146mmol/L

81
Q

Set potassium serum level

A

3.5-5.0mmol/L

82
Q

Set oxygen levels

A

75-100mmHg

83
Q

Set carbon dioxide levels

A

36-46mmHg

84
Q

Afferent pathways

A

Towards the brain

85
Q

Pathways towards the brain are

A

Afferent

86
Q

Efferent pathways are

A

Away from the brain

87
Q

Pathways away from the brain are

A

Efferent

88
Q

What is the integrating centre involved in thermoregulation

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

Which receptors detect a change in external temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

90
Q

A fall in blood pressure is

A

Hypotension

91
Q

A rise in BP is

A

Hypertension

92
Q

The receptors that detect a change in BP are

A

Baroreceptors

93
Q

What is the afferent pathway in BP homeostasis

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

94
Q

What is the relay system in BP

A

Baroreceptors -> Glossopharyngeal nerve -> medulla oblongata -> autonomic nerves -> heart and blood vessels

95
Q

Vasoconstriction occurs during homeostasis when?

A

Hypotension

96
Q

Name 2 things positive feedback is invoked in

A

Blood clotting

Child birth

97
Q

In homeostasis blood clotting is an example of

A

Positive feedback

98
Q

Which hormones are released from posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

Anti diuretic hormone

99
Q

What type of hormones are secreted from anterior pituitary gland

A

Releasing

Release-inhibiting

100
Q

Where are gonatropins (FSH & LH) secreted from

A

Anterior pituitary

101
Q

Where do FSH and LH act

A

Ovaries and testes

102
Q

Where is growth hormone secreted from

A

Anterior pituitary

103
Q

Where is prolactin secreted from

A

Anterior pituitary

104
Q

Where does prolactin act

A

Mammary glands

105
Q

Where is adencorticotropin released from

A

Anterior pituitary

106
Q

Where does the hormone ADH work?

A

Kidney tubules

107
Q

Where does oxytocin work

A

Smooth muscles in uterus

Mammary glands

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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