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Anatomy & Physiology > Water Balance > Flashcards

Water Balance Flashcards

0
Q

Name four ways water is lost in the body

A

Urine

Stools

Sweat

Respiratory loss

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1
Q

What are the signs of dehydration in a patient

A

Rapid pulse. Lack of skin turgor

Dry mouth. Sunken eyes

Weight loss. Low BP

Conc. urine

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2
Q

What % is the water composition in a man

A

60%

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3
Q

Approximately how many litres of water is in the body

A

40 litres

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4
Q

Where is the water in the body

A

2/3 in intracellular fluids

1/3 in extra cellular fluid

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5
Q

How much of the body’s water is in extra cellular fluid

A

1/3

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6
Q

Where is the water in extra cellular fluid

A

12L interstitial

3L blood (plasma)

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7
Q

How much water is in intracellular fluid

A

2/3

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8
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Movement from area of high conc. to low conc.

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9
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion

A

Increased temp = increased motion of particles

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10
Q

How does molecular weight affect diffusion

A

Larger molecules move slower

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11
Q

How does the steepness of conc. gradient affect diffusion

A

Increased difference = increased rate

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12
Q

How does membrane surface area affect diffusion

A

Increased surface area = increased rate

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13
Q

How does membrane permeability affect diffusion

A

Increased permeability = increased rate

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14
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water, from high conc. to low conc.

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15
Q

What is an electrolyte

A

Term given to something that when put into a solution has a charge - eg. Na+

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16
Q

What is a solute

A

Electrolyte dissolved particle

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17
Q

What is a solution

A

Mixture of >2 dissimilar substances:

Liquid (solvent) and a solute

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18
Q

What are aqueous solutions

A

Solvent with small molecules dissolved

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19
Q

Is Anion positive or negative

A

Negative

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20
Q

Is cation positive or negative

A

Positive

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21
Q

What is a colloid solution

A

Proteins or other large molecules dissolved

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22
Q

What is a suspension

A

Larger molecules than colloid solutions

Particles settle is undisturbed - eg. Blood cells

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23
Q

What pH is blood?

A

Neutral

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24
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

The force of water movement into higher conc. solution

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25
Q

What is osmolality

A

The force of water movement into higher gradient solution

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26
Q

What is osmolarity

A

The number of osmoles per litre of solution

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27
Q

What is tonic it’s

A

The ability if a solution to effect the cell

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28
Q

What happens if a solution is isotonic

A

Nothing

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29
Q

What is the conc. gradient of an isotonic solution

A

Same conc. as inside the cell

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30
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution

A

It swells

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31
Q

What is the conc. gradient of hypotonic solution

A

Low conc. of solutes, high conc. of water; water moves freely across membrane

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32
Q

What happens in lysis

A

Cell swells so much in hypotonic solution that it bursts

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33
Q

In a hypotonic solution the cell will…

A

Swell

34
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

A

It shrivels

35
Q

What is the conc. gradient in a hypertonic solution

A

Lowe conc. of water outside, high solute conc. water moves out of cell to compensate

36
Q

If a cell is placed in a solution and it shrivels, what type of solution is it?

A

Hypertonic

37
Q

Which receptors detect low body water

A

Baroreceptors

Osmoreceptors

38
Q

Where do osmoreceptors detect low water conc.

A

The brain and kidney

39
Q

Name four treatments for dehydration

A

Fluid therapy

Gelofusine

5% glucose solution

0.9% saline

40
Q

Name 2 things that can happen in over hydration

A

Hyponatraemia

Water intoxication

41
Q

How does water respond to Na+

A

Water always follows sodium

42
Q

Substances that ionize when dissolved in water are

A

Electrolytes

43
Q

Name 3 common electrolytes in the body

A

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

44
Q

What is the most common electrolyte in extra cellular fluid

A

Sodium

45
Q

Which electrolyte creates osmotic pressure

A

Sodium

46
Q

Which two electrolytes are required for nerve conduction

A

Sodium

Potassium

47
Q

Which electrolyte is required for an action potential

A

Sodium

48
Q

Which electrolyte is required for muscle contraction

A

Calcium

49
Q

Which electrolyte is required for the release of neurotransmitters in nerve cells

A

Calcium

50
Q

How do substances move in/out of cells

A

Passive

Active

51
Q

Carrier mediated and bulk transport are what type of ways substances move in/out if cells

A

Active

52
Q

Solutes move water…

A

Follows

53
Q

Osmosis is the movement of

A

Water

54
Q

The cell membrane is a

A

Phospholipid bilayer

55
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte inside the cell

A

Potassium

56
Q

Sodium has a … conc. in intracellular that extra cellular

A

Lower

57
Q

How many mmol/L of sodium are there intracellularly

A

15mmol/L

58
Q

How many mmol/L of sodium are there extracellularly

A

150mmol/L

59
Q

Is potassium more abundant inside the cell or outside

A

Inside

60
Q

How many mmol of potassium are there inside the cell

A

150mmol

61
Q

How many mmol of potassium are there outside the cell

A

5.5mmol

62
Q

Is chloride more abundant inside the cell or outside

A

Outside

63
Q

How many mmol of chloride are there inside the cell

A

9mmol

64
Q

How many mmol if chloride are there outside the cell

A

125mmol

65
Q

What dies ANP stand for

A

Atrial naturetic peptide

66
Q

How do ANP and aldosterone effect sodium

A

Increase the amount excreted

67
Q

Which electrolyte creates osmotic pressure

A

Sodium

68
Q

Which electrolyte returns the cell to its resting state after excitation

A

Potassium

69
Q

Which two electrolytes impact muscle contractions

A

Calcium and potassium

70
Q

Which electrolyte is required for the release of neurotransmitters in nerve cells

A

Calcium

71
Q

What two hormones are calcium levels controlled by

A

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

72
Q

Which electrolyte is responsible for acid base balance

A

Bicarbonate HCO3-

73
Q

What makes the cell membrane fluid

A

Cholesterol

74
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer the hydrophilic heads are … and the hydrophobic heads are …

A

Outside

Inside

75
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins

A

Cell identity markers (antigens)

Receptors for drugs

Channels, carriers and pumps

Enzymes

76
Q

What channel proteins in the cell membrane are always opened?

A

Aquaporins

77
Q

Which type of carrier mediated transport does not require ATP

A

Facilitated diffusion

78
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of

A

Carrier mediated active transport

79
Q

At rest a cell is

A

Polarised

80
Q

When does a cell become depolarised

A

When Na+ enters

81
Q

Which electron repolarise’s the cell

A

Potassium

82
Q

Is the inside of a cell positive or negatively charged

A

Negatively

83
Q

Name the most plentiful intracellular ion

A

Potassium

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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