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NCM 111 - Medical-Surgical Nursing > Cellular Aberrations > Flashcards

Cellular Aberrations Flashcards

1
Q

Leading causes of death in the world

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Enumerate the 3 schema of cancer development

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

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3
Q

schema of cancer development: Initiation

A

carcinogens bind and cause mutation to target cell resulting to the dysfunction in differentiation and proliferation

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4
Q

schema of cancer development: Promotion

A

initiated cells are stimulated by promoters which results in these cells on becoming cancerous

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5
Q

schema of cancer development: Progression

A

stimulates angiogenesis which makes this cancer cell to infect adjacent tissue and travel to other areas, or metastasis

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6
Q

Primary detection and prevention (4)

A
  • health promotion
  • immunization
  • HPV vaccine
  • risk reduction strategies
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7
Q

Secondary detection and prevention

A
  • screening and early detection for precancerous and asymptomatic px
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8
Q

Tertiary detection and prevention (2)

A
  • monitoring and preventing recurrence of primary cancer

- screening for the development of second malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma)

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9
Q

Family history assessment (3)

A
  • both maternal and paternal sides
  • cancer history of at least three generations
  • look for clustering of cancers
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10
Q

signs and symptoms of cancer (9)

A 
CAUTION US
C - change in bowel or bladder habits
A - a sore that does not heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump in the breast
I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - obvious change in wart or mole
N - nagging cough or hoarseness

U - unexplained anemia
S - sudden weight loss (5kg or more)

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11
Q

S&S Bladder , Kidney

A

Blood in urine; pain and burning with urination; increased frequency or urination

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12
Q

S&S Breast

A

Lump (s), thickening, physical changes in the breast; itching, redness, nipple
soreness not associated with breast-feeding or menstruation

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13
Q

S&S Cervical and

Uterine

A

Bleeding between menstrual periods; unusual discharge; painful menstrual
periods; heavy periods

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14
Q

S&S Colon

A

Rectal bleeding; bloody stool; changes in bowel habits constipation

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15
Q

S&S Endometrial

A

Same signs as for cervical and uterine cancers above

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16
Q

S&S Laryngeal

A

Persistent cough; hoarse throat

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17
Q

S&S Leukemia

A

Paleness; fatigue; weight loss; repeated infections; easy bruising; bone and joint pain; nosebleeds

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18
Q

S&S Lung

A

A persistent cough, sputum with blood; heavy chest and or chest pain

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19
Q

S&S Lymphoma

A

Enlarged, rubbery lymph nodes; itchy; night sweats; unexplained fever, weight loss

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20
Q

S&S Mouth and

Throat

A

A chronic ulcer of the mouth, tongue, or throat that does not heal

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21
Q

S&S Ovarian

A

Often no obvious symptoms until it is in later stages of development

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22
Q

S&S Prostate

A

Weak ,interrupted urine flow; continuous pain in lower back, pelvis, upper thighs

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23
Q

S&S Skin

A

Tumor or lump under the skin, resembling a wart of an ulceration that never heals; moles that change color or size, flat sores; lesions that look like moles

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24
Q

S&S Stomach

A

Indigestion and pain after eating; weight loss; blood in vomit

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25
Q

the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women

A

Lung cancer

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26
Q

the overwhelming risk factor for developing lung cancer

A

Cigarette smoking

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27
Q

Clinical manifestations of lung cancer (7)

A

chronic cough, pleuritic chest pain, hoarseness, weight and/or appetite loss, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and recurring pulmonary infections

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28
Q

Diagnostic tests for lung cancer (3)

A

chest x-ray, sputum test, biopsy

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29
Q

confirmatory test for cancer

A

tissue biopsy

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30
Q

Lung cancer intervention: lifestyle modification (4)

A

healthy diet, smoking cessation, decreased alcohol consumption, and exercise

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31
Q

Lung cancer: food intake (2)

A
  • Increasing calories to 2500 daily

- five or six small meals a day more easily tolerated, and it may minimize the nausea effects of chemotherapy

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32
Q

Lung cancer: fluid intake

A
  • monitor for fluid overload and especially for pleural effusions
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33
Q

thoracotomy nursing post-care

A
  • practice arm exercises to ensure continued mobility and promotion of lung expansion.
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34
Q

these interventions will assist in the removal of

organisms in the lungs.

A

Cough and deep breathing exercises every one to two hours while awake

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35
Q

these interventions use gravity to clear secretions,

while percussion uses vibrations to loosen secretions. (2)

A

Chest physiotherapy and postural drainage

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36
Q

this intervention will not only promote mobility but also increase patient outcomes from chest
physiotherapy and cough and deep breathing exercises

A

Effective pain control

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37
Q

Close monitoring of pain medication side effects include: (2)

A

risk of falls and aspiration secondary to CNS effects

38
Q

e an effective method

to maintain mobility and provide rest.

A

Walking three to four times a day with rest periods of at least two hours

39
Q

interventions used to decrease the body’s oxygen demands

A

Rest periods and limiting activity

40
Q

Patient safety for fall prevention (2)

A
  • bathroom is accessible or that a
    commode is placed near the bed
  • Avoid clutter in the room or floor that the patient may have to step over and possibly fall.
41
Q

can occur as a result of the chemotherapy effects

A

Confusion

42
Q

used to treat the cancer or decrease side effects of tumor compression or metastasis.

A

laser

surgery

43
Q

selectively places a thin tube into the artery that supplies the tumor

A

embolization

44
Q

Support groups for lung cancer (3)

A
  • American Cancer Society,
  • American Lung Association, and
  • National Comprehensive Cancer Network
45
Q

used as the main treatment of lung cancer to relieve such

symptoms as pain, bleeding, or passages blocked by the cancer

A

External beam radiation

46
Q

External beam radiation dosage

A

usually given in daily doses five days a week for six to eight weeks.

47
Q

places radioactive material inside the lung but may lead to lung damage.

A

Brachytherapy or internal radiation

48
Q

most common type of cancer in women

A

Breast cancer

49
Q

Although men are diagnosed with this

cancer, it remains a predominately female disease

A

Breast cancer

50
Q

Besides being female, age is the most important risk factor for this cancer

A

Breast cancer

51
Q

history taking of a breast mass includes (3)

A
  • length of time it has been present,
  • whether it has changed in size, and
  • any associated
    tenderness
52
Q

physical examination for breast cancer

A

Evaluation of the skin, nipples, breast tissue, and axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes.

53
Q

Clinical manifestations for breast cancer (6)

A
  • Nipple retraction/ elevation
  • Nipple discharge or erosion
  • Skin dimpling /retraction
  • Heat and erythema of the breast skin may be r/t inflammation
  • Skin edema, or peau d’orange, “skin of the orange”
  • Palpable lesions
54
Q

due to tumor fixation or infiltration into the underlying tissues of the breast

A

Nipple retraction/ elevation

55
Q

due to invasion of the suspensory ligaments and fixation to the chest wall.

A

Skin dimpling /retraction

56
Q

is thought to be due to the invasion and obstruction of dermal lymphatics by tumor

A

Skin edema, or peau d’orange, “skin of the orange”

57
Q

Diagnostic tests for breast cancer (3)

A
  • mammography
  • breast utz
  • fine needle aspiration biopsy
58
Q

developed at the start of hormonal

therapy or with the discontinuation of HRT at the time of diagnosis of breast cancer.

A

hot flashes

59
Q

Measures that

may help with symptoms of hot flashes include: (3)

A

a. Clonidine, belladonna/ ergotamine/phenobarbital, antidepressants.
b. Various supplements and herbs
c. Progesterone

60
Q

complication characterized by a chronic swelling of an extremity due to
interrupted lymphatic circulation.

A

Lymphedema

61
Q

due to the accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the interstitial space and is a somewhat common postoperative complication after ALND.

A

Swelling

62
Q

is associated with a painful swelling of the arm as well as, weakness, shoulder pain, and tingling sensations in the arm and shoulder.

A

Lymphedema

63
Q

results if functioning lymphatic channels are inadequate to ensure a return flow
of lymph fluid to the general circulation.

A

Lymphedema

64
Q

intervention to help reduce the transient edema

A

Teach ROM exercises like elevating the arm above the heart several times a day, and gentle muscle pumping

65
Q

may occur after either mastectomy or

breast conservation within the first twelve (12) hours after surgery

A

Hematoma formation (collection of blood inside a cavity)

66
Q

signs and symptoms of hematoma at the surgical site (4)

A

swelling,

tightness, pain, and bruising of the skin.

67
Q

a collection of serous fluid, may accumulate under the breast incision after mastectomy or breast conservation or in the axilla

A

seroma

68
Q

Signs and symptoms of seroma (4)

A

swelling, heaviness, discomfort, and a sloshing of fluid

69
Q

signs and symptoms of infection for patient education (5)

A

(redness, warmth around incision, tenderness, foul-smelling drainage, temperature greater than 40 degrees Celsius [100.4 degrees Fahrenheit] chills)

70
Q

What are Health Teachings about Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications for Breast Cancer? (9)

A

The nurse instructs the patient to:
 Avoid blood pressures, injections, and blood draws in affected extremity;
 Use sunscreen (higher than 15 SPF) for extended exposure to sun;
 Apply insect repellent to avoid insect bites
 Wear gloves for gardening
 Use cooking mitt for removing objects from oven
 Avoid cutting cuticles; push them back during manicures
 Use electric razor for shaving armpit
 Avoid lifting objects heavier that 5-10 pounds
 If a trauma or break in the skin occurs, was the area with soap and water, and apply an over-the-counter antibacterial ointment (Bacitracin or Neosporin). Observe the area and
extremely for 24 hours; if redness, swelling, or a fever occurs, call the surgeon or nurse.

71
Q

Exercise After Breast Surgery (4)

A
  • Wall handclimbing
  • Rope turning
  • Rod or broomstick lifting
  • Pulley tugging.
72
Q

Stand facing the wall with feet apart and toes as close to the wall as possible. With elbows slightly bent, place the palms of the hand on the wall at shoulder level. By flexing the fingers, work the hands up the wall until arms are fully extended. Then reserve the process: hands down to the starting point.

A

Wall handclimbing.

73
Q

Tie a light rope to a doorknob. Stand facing the door Take the free end of the rope in the hand on the side of surgery. Place the other hand on the hip. With the rope-holding arm extended and held away from the body (nearly parallel with the floor), turn the rope, making as wide swings as possible. Begin slowly at first; speed up later.

A

Rope turning.

74
Q

Grasp a rod with both hands, held about two (2) feet apart. Keeping the arms straight, raise the rod over the head. Bend elbows to lower the rod behind the head. Reverse maneuver, raising the rod above the head, then return to the starting position.

A

Rod or broomstick lifting

75
Q

Toss a light rope over a shower curtain rod or doorway curtain rod. Stand as close to the rope as possible. Grasp an end in each hand. Extend the arms straight and away from the body. Pull the left arm up by tugging down with the right arm, then the right arm up and the left down in a see-sawing motion.

A

Pulley tugging

76
Q

Wall handclimbing.

A

Stand facing the wall with feet apart and toes as close to the wall as possible. With elbows slightly bent, place the palms of the hand on the wall at shoulder level. By flexing the fingers, work the hands up the wall until arms are fully extended. Then reserve the process: hands down to the starting point.

77
Q

Rope turning.

A

Tie a light rope to a doorknob. Stand facing the door Take the free end of the rope in the hand on the side of surgery. Place the other hand on the hip. With the rope-holding arm extended and held away from the body (nearly parallel with the floor), turn the rope, making as wide swings as possible. Begin slowly at first; speed up later.

78
Q

Rod or broomstick lifting

A

Grasp a rod with both hands, held about two (2) feet apart. Keeping the arms straight, raise the rod over the head. Bend elbows to lower the rod behind the head. Reverse maneuver, raising the rod above the head, then return to the starting position.

79
Q

Pulley tugging

A

Toss a light rope over a shower curtain rod or doorway curtain rod. Stand as close to the rope as possible. Grasp an end in each hand. Extend the arms straight and away from the body. Pull the left arm up by tugging down with the right arm, then the right arm up and the left down in a see-sawing motion.

80
Q

Follow-up for breast cancer

A

seen every 3 mos for the first 2 yrs,
every 6 mos for the next 3 yrs, and
once per yr after 5 yrs.

81
Q

it important to have mammogram

A

yearly

82
Q

a medical management for breast cancer that yields long-term survival equivalent to that associated with modified radical mastectomy.

A

Lumpectomy coupled with axillary dissection and radiation

83
Q

carcinogens bind and cause mutation to target cell resulting to the dysfunction in differentiation and proliferation

A

schema of cancer development: Initiation

84
Q

initiated cells are stimulated by promoters which results in these cells on becoming cancerous

A

schema of cancer development: Promotion

85
Q

stimulates angiogenesis which makes this cancer cell to infect adjacent tissue and travel to other areas, or metastasis

A

schema of cancer development: Progression

86
Q

disease that occurs in younger men between age 15 and 35. I

A

Testicular cancer

87
Q

is the most treatable form of urologic cancer.

A

Testicular cancer

88
Q

Clinical Manifestations: Testicular cancer (3)

A
  1. Painless swelling or enlargement of the testis; accompanied by sensation of heaviness in scrotum.
  2. Pain in the testis (if patient has epididymitis or bleeding into tumor).
  3. Symptoms of metastatic disease: cough or dyspnea, lymphadenopathy, back pain, GI symptoms,
    lower-extremity edema, or bone pain.
89
Q

Diagnostic Evaluation: Testicular cancer (4)

A
  1. Elevated serum markers
  2. Scrotal ultrasonography
  3. Chest x-ray
  4. CT scanning of chest, abdomen, and pelvis
90
Q

Diagnostic Evaluation: Testicular cancer Elevated serum markers (3)

A
  1. human chorionic gonadotropin
  2. lactic acid dehydrogenate, and
  3. alpha-fetoprotein
91
Q

Testicular cancer: used to identify location of lesion and differentiate bet solid and cystic lesion

A

Scrotal ultrasonography—

NCM 111 - Medical-Surgical Nursing (2 decks)

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