Cellular basis of disease

Question 1

Predisposition

Answer 1

increased susceptibility to develop disease

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

a consequence of a failure of homeostasis, with potential to impair function

Question 3

Aetiology

Answer 3

Cause of a disease

Question 4

Disease mechanism

Answer 4

the way homeostasis is disturbed (e.g. the production of a toxin)

Question 5

Pathogenesis

Answer 5

pathological mechanisms resulting in clinical disease (e.g. how the etiological agent interacts with the host to cause disease).

Question 6

Premalignant

Answer 6

A lesion or process that will probably transform into an invasive malignancy

Question 7

What 2 types of stain do you usually stain a specimen with

Answer 7

Specific stain and counter stain

Question 8

Give an example of what an acidic dye might stain

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

Give an example of what a basic dye might stain

Answer 9

Nucleic acids

Question 10

What type of dye is Eosin and what colour does it stain

Answer 10

Acidic dye, stains basic structures pink or red (e.g. cytoplasm)

Question 11

What type of dye is hematoxylin

Answer 11

Basic dye, stains acidic structures purplish-blue (e.g. nuclei and parts of cytoplasm which are RNA)

Question 12

What are the 4 key targets of cell damage

Answer 12

Mitochondria, plasma membrane, ionic channels, cytoskeleton

Question 13

Name 2 scales of which to look at a pathology

Answer 13

Macroscopic and Microscopic

Question 14

What is steatosis?

Answer 14

Fatty liver

Question 15

Name 2 mechanisms of cell death/cell component death

Answer 15

Apoptosis and Autophagy

Question 16

Pyknosis

Answer 16

Shrinkage of the nuclei

Question 17

Karyolysis and Karyorrhexis

Answer 17

Fragmentation of the nuclei

Question 18

Name 3 types of necrosis

Answer 18

Coagulative, colliquative/liquefaction, caseating

Question 19

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 19

Maintains the structure/architecture of the tissue.

Question 20

What kind of necrosis occurs during schema or infarction

Answer 20

Coagulative necrosis

Question 21

Colliquative necrosis

Answer 21

Massive release of hydrolytic enzymes from cells cause degradation of the tissue structure from the local environment.
Tissue becomes a liquid viscous mass.

Question 22

Caseating necrosis

Answer 22

Not liquid but tissue has lost its structure.

Question 23

What disease is caveating necrosis the hall-mark of?

Answer 23

TB granuloma

Question 24

Congenital

Answer 24

Present at birth

Question 25

Name different chromosomal abnormalities.

Answer 25

Polidy (number), structure, mutation, post-transcription, post-translation

Question 26

Structural chromosomal defects

Answer 26

deletion, inversion, ring formation, translocation

Question 27

Hyperplasia

Answer 27

increase in the number of cells

Question 28

Ex of physiological hyperplasia

Answer 28

breasts in puberty

Question 29

Ex of pathological hyperplasia

Answer 29

adrenal cordial hyperplasia in Cushing's syndrome due to ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Question 30

Hypertrophy

Answer 30

Increased cell size

Question 31

Ex. physiological hypertrophy

Answer 31

muscle hypertrophy in regular exercise

Question 32

Atrophy

Answer 32

an umbrella term for decrease in size and number of cells

Question 33

Dysplasia

Answer 33

abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture

Question 34

Metaplasia

Answer 34

conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another

Question 35

Transdifferentiation

Answer 35

one cell type transforming into another

Question 36

What is the difference between metaplasia and transdifferentiation

Answer 36

In metaplasia, stem cells start to differentiate into a different kind of tissue. In transdifferentiation one cell type transforms into another.

Question 37

Clinical features of benign tumours

Answer 37

slow growth, no ulceration, no evidence of metastasis, smooth edges, resembles organ tissue, uniform size and shape, no invasion of vessels, no dysplasia

Question 38

Clinical features of malignant tumours

Answer 38

rapid growth, frequent ulceration + haemorrhage, evidence of metastasis, irregular edges, poor resemblance to tissue organ, variable cell size and shape, often invasion of vessels, sometimes dysplasia in adjacent tissues

Question 39

What mediates type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 39

IgE

Question 40

What mediates type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 40

IgG, IgM (sometimes)

Question 41

What mediates type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 41

IgG

Question 42

What mediates type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 42

T cells

Question 43

Iatrogenic disease

Answer 43

the result of a treatment or intervention

Question 44

give an example of iatrogenic disease

Answer 44

drugs: overdose, allergy, side effects radiation: inflammation, scarring, neoplasia blood transfusion: hepatitis, AIDS complications: surgery, immobility 'advice'