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Disease processes > General pathology of cancer > Flashcards

General pathology of cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

4 normal classes of regulatory genes:

A
  1. Tumor suppressor
  2. Proto-oncogenes
  3. Genes that regulate apoptosis (Bcl-2)
  4. Genes that repair DNA
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2
Q

Predisposition to cancer can be:

A

Hereditary

Sporadic

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3
Q

Sporadic factors increasing cancer susceptibility:

A
  • Environment
  • Age
  • Lifestyle (UV, smoking, obesity)
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions (H.pylori, IBS, HepB)
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4
Q

Breast cancer genetic mutation

A

BRCA 1/2

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5
Q

APC gene is involved in

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis

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6
Q

HNPCC

A

Herediatary non-polyposis colorectral cancer

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7
Q

Carcinogens =

A

Agents that cause genetic damage and induce neoplastic transformation

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8
Q

Carcinogens can be

A

Chemical, radiation, microbial organisms

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9
Q

Chemical agents which are carcinogenic:

A
  • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic amines and azo dyes
  • Asbestos
  • Naturally occuring alflatoxin B1
    Nitrosamines and amides
    Direct-acting alkylating agents
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10
Q

Nitrosamines and amides are found in…

A

Preservatives

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11
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are found it…

A

Cigarette smoking

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12
Q

Cancer caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Lung, bladder

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13
Q

Cancer caused by aromatic amines and azo dyes

A

Liver cancer, bladder cancer

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14
Q

Cancer caused by asbestos

A

Mesothelioma

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15
Q

Cancers caused by direct-acting alkylating agents

A

Lymphoid neoplasms

Leukaemia

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16
Q

In-direct acting agent:

A

Require metabolic activation to convert into carcinogens

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17
Q

Radiation involved in carcinogenesis

A
  • UV rays

- Ionisng radiation

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18
Q

Cancers caused by UV

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

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19
Q

Cancers caused by ionising radiation

A

Solid organ malignancies

Leukaemias

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20
Q

Viruses/bacteria which are carcinogens

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Epstein-Barr virus
  • HPV
  • HepB
  • H.pylori
21
Q

High-risk strains HPV:

Study These Flashcards
A

HPV-16

HPV-18

22
Q

H.pylori -

Study These Flashcards
A

Curved, Gr- rod shaped bacteria.

23
Q

Metaplasia =

Study These Flashcards
A

Cell adaptation to change in environment altering morphological apperance.

24
Q

Barret’s oesophagus =

Study These Flashcards
A

Metaplasia in oesophagus. Squamous turns to columnar due to reflex.

25
Dysplasia =
Disordered growth in which cells undergo morphological transformation with increased cell division and loss of architecutal relationship.
26
The evolution from a benign neoplasm to malignant is a
Step wise progression
27
Neoplasms have a ... origin
Monoclonal
28
Cells in a neoplasm are what in relation to eachother
Heterogenous
29
heterogenous =
Cells have different abilities
30
Tumors that re-occur are...
More resistant to chemotherapy
31
Naming benign tumours of epithelial origin =
Papilloma or adenoma prefixed with cell of origin or tissue of origin (e.g. squamous papilloma of skin, thyroid follicular adenoma)
32
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin =
Carcinoma (e.g. adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)
33
Benign tumours of connective tissue origin
-oma
34
Malignant tumours of connective tissue origin
-sarcoma
35
Neoplasm which contains elements of all 3 embryological germ cell layers
Teratoma
36
Lymphoma vs leukemia
``` Lymphoma = tumour mass Leukemia = circulating cell ``` can have both
37
3 routes of metastasis:
- Haematogenous - Lymphatic - Trancoelomic
38
Is spread via arteries or veins more common?
Veins
39
Anaplasia =
Malignant neoplasms composed of undifferentiated cells
40
Pleomorphism =
Variation in size and shape
41
Ex of local effects of neoplasms
- compression - obstruction - intussuception - displacement - ulceration/destruction of natural surfaces
42
Cachexia =
Wasting syndrome. Catabolic state resulting in profound loss of body fat, mass, weakness and anorexia
43
Tumour grade vs stage
``` Grade = pathological definition, describes appearance under microscope. Stage = assesses agree of spread ```
44
Why do we stage cancers?
- spread - prognosis - guide treatment
45
Ex of tumor grading
TNF
46
TNF =
Tubule formation Nuclear atypia Frequency of mitoses
47
Ex of tumour staging
TNM
48
TNM =
``` Tumour grade (T1-T4) Nodal involvement (N0-N3) Metastasis (Mx, M0, M1) ```

Disease processes (21 decks)

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