Pathology of the inflammatory response

Question 1

Acute inflammation is…

Answer 1

Neutrophil rich, short-lived

Question 2

Chronic inflammation is …

Answer 2

Lymphocyte, plasma cells and macrophage rich, long-lived

Question 3

5 cardinal signs of inflammation:

Answer 3

• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Loss of function

Question 4

Pus can be a reflection of:

Answer 4

high neutrophil activity

Question 5

Proteins involved in the classical pathway:

Answer 5

C1 (C1q, C1r, C1s), C4, C2

Question 6

Proteins involved in the alternative pathway:

Answer 6

Factor B, Factor D, C3

Question 7

Proteins involved in the lectin pathway:

Answer 7

Mannose binding lectin (+MASP-1/2)

C4, C2

Question 8

All pathways in the complement cascade converage at…

Answer 8

C3 convertase

Question 9

Forms of C3 convertase

Answer 9

C4b2b

C3bBb

Question 10

Function of 3a:

Answer 10

Enhance inflammaition

Question 11

Function of 5a:

Answer 11

Enhance inflammation

Question 12

Function of 3b:

Answer 12

Opsonisation of pathogens

Formation of C5 convertase

Question 13

C5 convertase:

Answer 13

C4b2bC3b

C3bBb3b

Question 14

Function of 5b:

Answer 14

Formation of membrane attack complexed with C7-C10

Question 15

What releases serotonin?

Answer 15

Platelets

Question 16

What releases histamine?

Answer 16

Mast cells, basophils

Question 17

Histamine and serotonin are examples of

Answer 17

Vasoactive amines

Question 18

Serotonin is also known as:

Answer 18

5-hydroxytryptamine

Question 19

What do histamine and serotonin do?

Answer 19

Vasodilation

Increase vascular permeability

Question 20

Precursor to the CoX and Lipo-oxygenase pathways

Answer 20

Arachidonic acid

Question 21

COX pathways are inhibited by:

Answer 21

Aspirin

Question 22

Function of thromboxane A2

Answer 22

vasoconstricition

platelet aggregation

Question 23

Functions of prostacyclins

Answer 23

• platelet disaggregation
• vasodilation
• pain

Question 24

Lipo-oxygenase pathways give rise to:

Answer 24

leukotrienes

Question 25

Name some acute phase reactions:

Answer 25

- Increased bone marrow leukocyte production - fever - rigors - tachycardia - drop in BP - loss of appetite - Skeletal weakness - Aching

Question 26

2 broad types of pyrogen:

Answer 26

- Exogenous | - Endogenous

Question 27

EX of exogenous pyrogen:

Answer 27

LPS on bacterial cell walls

Question 28

EX of endogenous pyrogens:

Answer 28

IL-1, IL-6

Question 29

Altered liver metabolism during acute inflammation forms:

Answer 29

Acute phase proteins

Question 30

Persistent acute inflammation is driven by:

Answer 30

Neutrophils

Question 31

Absess:

Answer 31

Walled off infection, accumulation of neutrophils walled off by fibrin and surrounded by chronic inflammatory cells

Question 32

Why are absesses hard to treat with antibiotics?

Answer 32

Poorly vascularized. May require surgical excision.

Question 33

Granuloma:

Answer 33

small area of inflammation/collection of macrophages.

Question 34

What cell dominates a granuloma?

Answer 34

Macrophages

Question 35

Langhan giant cells

Answer 35

Multiple nuclei

Question 36

Purpose of immunostaining:

Answer 36

Identifys cells types based on molecules rather than morphology.

Question 37

Name some diseases which chronic inflammation underpins:

Answer 37

- Atherosclerosis - arthritis - Alzheimer's - Dementia - Depression