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Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) > Cellular Injury and Adaptation (P) > Flashcards

Cellular Injury and Adaptation (P) Flashcards

1
Q

*What are the mechanisms of cell injury?

A
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2
Q

What are the causes of injury?

A

1) Hypoxia
2) Chemicals and drugs
3) Physical agents
4) Microbiologic agents
5) Immunologic rxns
6) Genetic defects
7) Nutritional imbalances
8) Aging

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3
Q

*What are the targets of injurious stimuli?

A

(all *)

1) Aerobic respiration
2) Integrity of cell membranes
3) Protein synthesis
4) Cytoskeletal system
5) Integrity of the genetic apparatus of the cell

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4
Q

*Principles and concepts

A
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5
Q

What are the causes of atrophy?

A

1) Decreased workload
2) Loss of innervation
3) Diminished blood supply
4) Inadequate nutrition
5) Loss of endocrine stimulation
6) Aging

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6
Q

Atrophy results from what?

A

It results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation

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7
Q

What is the function of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?

A

It activates ubiquitin ligases

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8
Q

What is the characteristic of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?

A

Accelerated proteolysis

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9
Q

What is the characteristic of atrophy?

A

It is accompanied by increased autophagy

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10
Q

What are the causes of hypertrophy?

A 
1) Physiologic
     A. Hormonal
          -> estrogen stimulation of uterus in pregnancy
     B. Compensatory
2) Pathologic 
     A. Excessive hormonal stimulation
     B. Viral-induced
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11
Q

*What is the characteristic of hypertrophy?

A

*It involves signals

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12
Q

*What are the 2 triggers that involves signals?

A

(all *)

1) Mechanical triggers
2) Trophic triggers

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13
Q

What are signal transduction pathways and its purpose?

A

*These are the induction of genes that stimulate protein

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14
Q

*Growth factors

A
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14
Q

*Growth factors

A
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15
Q

What are the causes of hyperplasia?

A 
1) Physiologic
     A. Hormonal 
          -> estrogen stimulation of uterus
     B. Compensatory
2) Pathologic
     A. Excessive hormonal stimulation 
     B. Viral-induced
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16
Q

What are the causes of metaplasia?

A

1) Persistent irritation
2) Infection
3) Malnutrition

17
Q

What is deranged development (under dysplasia)?

A

1) It is the proliferation and atypical cytologic alterations
2) It is the change in size, shape, and organization

18
Q

What is the characteristic of dysplasia?

A

It is not an adaptive mechanism but a change for the worse

19
Q

What are the exs of reversible injury?

A

1) Cellular swelling

2) Fatty change

20
Q

*What is the characteristic of necrosis?

A

It is a form of irreversible injury

21
Q

What is necrosis?

A

It is the sum of all the morphologic changes that follow after cell death

22
Q

What are the types of necrosis?

A

1) Liquefaction necrosis
2) Coagulative necrosis
3) Enzymatic fat necrosis
4) Caseous necrosis
5) Gangrenous necrosis

23
Q

Liquefaction necrosis results from what?

A

It results from the action of powerful hydrolytic enzymes

24
Q

What are the characteristics of liquefaction necrosis?

A

1) It is best exemplified by brain infarction
2) It is brought about by ischemic destruction of brain tissue
3) It is a form of common “pus”, abscess

25
Q

Coagulative necrosis results from what?

A

It results from the total occlusion of supplying vessels especially in solid organs

26
Q

*The total occlusion of supplying vessels especially in solid organs (in coagulative necrosis) results to what?

A

1) Conversion of the cell to acidophilic tombstone
2) Loss of nucleus but cell architecture preserved
3) Protein denaturation (precipitation)
4) Exemplified by myocardial infarction

27
Q

What is enzymatic fat necrosis?

A

It is the destruction of fat resulting from abnormal release of enzymes especially lipases

28
Q

*The principle of action that destruction of fat results from abnormal release of enzymes especially lipases is an ex of what?

A

*Acute pancreatitis

29
Q

What is the principle of action of saponification?

A

The action of lipase on fat results in dissolution together w/ hydroxyl ions (-OH) will produce soap w/ addition of Ca will result in formation of “chalky” mat

30
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

It is the combination of liquefaction and coagulative necrosis

31
Q

What are the characteristics of caseous necrosis?

A

1) It is only seen in tuberculosis process

2) It has a characteristic “cheesy appearance”

32
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

It is the combination of liquefaction and coagulative necrosis

33
Q

What are the 2 types of gangrenous necrosis?

A

1) Dry

2) Wet

34
Q

The classification of gangrenous necrosis regarding on what type is it classified in depends on what?

A

It depends on the predominance of necrosis

35
Q

Provide an ex of dry (type of gangrenous necrosis)

A

Gangrene of the foot due to diabetes

36
Q

Provide an ex of wet (type of gangrenous necrosis)

A

Gangrene of loose organs (e.g. appendix)

37
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

1) It is a tightly intracellular program whereby cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cell’s own nuclear DNA and nucleo-cytoplasmic protein
2) Programmed cell death

38
Q

What are the mechanisms of apoptosis in physiologic situations?

A

1) Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis
2) Hormone-dependent involution in aging
3) Cell deletion in proliferating cell populations
4) Death of host cells that have served its purpose
5) Elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes
6) Cell death induced by cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

*What are the characteristics of intracellular accumulations?

A

1) Increased production w/ N metabolism
2) Lack of enzymes for endogenous by-products of metabolism
3) Exogenous substance not metabolized because of absence of enzymes

Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) (17 decks)

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