Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) > Summary of the Histopathologic Process or Tissue Processing (F) > Flashcards

Summary of the Histopathologic Process or Tissue Processing (F) Flashcards

1
Q

Knowledge about histopath starts where?

A

In the operation theatre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the responsibilities of OT staff?

A

1) Accurate pt identification
2) Orientation of sxs
3) Adequate fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the responsibilities of junior pathology staff?

A

1) Appropriate grossing

2) Sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the responsibilities of histopathology technicians?

A

1) Adequate processing
2) Appropriate embedding techniques
3) Microtomy
4) Staining
5) Avoiding unacceptable artifacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the responsibilities of expert pathologists?

A

1) Inspection of controls
2) Immunohistochemical methods
3) Reporting of the slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

After the sx (/ tissue) is collected, it should be fixed via the use of what fixative?

A

10% formalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Formalin causes what?

A

1) Chemical and physical changes
2) Due to the chemical and physical changes present, it hardens and preserve the tissue
3) Protect from degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Provide an ex of special fixative and where it is used

A

For testicular biopsies: Bouin’s solution is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is highly recommended to be done to sxs?

A

Tagging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False

Every institute should evolve tagging mechanisms

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Provide an ex of application of the importance of tagging

A

1 silk suture: for superior margin

2: for lateral margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What should be done if any orientation of larger sxs are unclear (due to tagging)?

A

These should be immediately communicated w/ clinician and be clarified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False

The communication done if there are any orientation (of larger sxs) that are unclear should be documented by the histotech on the request form

A

False, because the communication done if there are any orientation (of larger sxs) that are unclear should be documented by the patho on the request form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False

Large surgical resection sxs should be sliced by the surgeon

A

False, because large surgical resection sxs should not be sliced by the surgeon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the exs of small fragile sxs?

A

1) Bone marrow
2) Tru-cut liver
3) Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What should be done to small fragile sxs?

A

These should be wrapped in a gauze envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the components of a test requisition form?

A

1) Pt demographics
2) Details of history
3) Anatomic site of biopsy
4) # of containers sent
5) Sx transportation instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sx should be transported at what temp?

A

Room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What should be present when a sx is transported?

A

A 10% formalin hazard label

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When the sx is going to be transported, where should it be placed?

A

In a well-sealed leak proof container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the importance of sx accessioning?

A

It accurately labels and track sxs to avoid potential misidentification errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the critical elements in sx accessioning?

A

Pt and sx identification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can proper identification of sxs be achieved?

A

By instructing technicians to use at least 2 pt identifiers when receiving sxs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the steps where sx identification is maintained?

A

1) Sx labeling
2) Grossing
3) Block labeling
4) Slide labeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the responsibilities by the pathologist?

A

The crucial parts of the pathologic examination w/c are:

1) Precise and systematic gross description
2) Dissection and selection of sections for microscopic study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What should be done to bony or cartilaginous tissues?

A

These are placed in the decalcifying solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The bony or cartilaginous tissues are placed in the decalcifying solution for how long?

A

1 - 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In grossing, the tissue should be washed via the use of what?

A

Distilled H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In grossing, how many times is the tissue washed w/ distilled H2O?

A

3 - 4 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True or False

The number of bits present / received in grossing should be noted

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are representative sxs of the tissues placed?

A

In tissue cassettes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the equipment used for placing the representative sxs of tissues in the tissue cassettes?

A

1) Scalpel

2) Fine pointed forceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Once the representative sxs of tissues are placed in the tissue cassettes, what should be done to the cassettes?

A

These should be labeled w/ the identification number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is integrated in grossing to evaluate the margins of resection on microscopy?

A

Inking of sxs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or False

The practice of inking the surgical margins, sampling the tumor margins / capsule, its interface w/ the non tumorous tissue must be followed

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What should be done to all grossing instruments after grossing?

A

These are rinsed w/ H2O and wiped clean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the ideal place for grossing?

A

Grossing should be performed in a well-ventilated, well-lit grossing stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False

During grossing, exhaust and proper light are switched on

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

During grossing, what should be worn?

A

1) Proper gloves
2) Mask
3) Apron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

During grossing, what should be used to clean the grossing station?

A

1% sodium hypochlorite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The grossing instruments are put in what?

A

1% sodium hypochlorite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or False

A dedicated grossing room is optional

A

False, because a dedicated grossing room is mandatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

During grossing (specifically in terms of monitoring), what should be done?

A

Formalin vapor monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the purpose of formalin vapor monitoring?

A

To detect excess harmful vapor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the characteristics of formalin?

A

1) It is volatile
2) It is toxic
3) It causes irritation to:
a. Eyes
b. Mucous membranes
c. Skin
4) It is associated w/ increased risk for all cancers

46
Q

What is the meaning of OSHA?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

47
Q

What are the exposure limits to formalin accdg to OSHA?

A

1) 0.75 ppm (as an 8-hr time-weighted average)

2) 2.0 ppm (for short-term [15-min] exposures)

48
Q

What is the meaning of ppm?

A

Parts per million

49
Q

What is the indication if formaldehyde is detected by smell?

A

It means that exposure is occurring at a concentration beyond acceptable limits

50
Q

What are the ways on how to limit exposure to formalin?

A

1) Cover all sx buckets
2) Periodically spray formalin-neutralizing agent on the waste
3) Discard bagged formalin-soaked towels and other waste
4) Cut large fixed organs in a fume hood or downdraft table
5) Monitor the lvl of formalin fumes generated in the hood and outside
6) Level in the hood are kept < 1 ppm

51
Q

What should be the state of the tissue for it to be cut into 5 um sections?

A

The tissue should be hardened enough

52
Q

What is done to 5 um sections of the tissue?

A

It is stained and examined under a microscope

53
Q

True or False

H2O should not be removed from the tissue

A

False, because H2O should be removed from the tissue

54
Q

After the H2O is removed from the tissue, what is done?

A

The H2O is progressively replaced by wax, to make a tissue block suitable for sectioning

55
Q

What are the stages of dehydration?

A

1) 50% alcohol: 90 mins
2) 70% alcohol: 90 mins
3) 80% alcohol: 90 mins
4) 95% alcohol: 90 mins
5) 100% alcohol: 90 mins
6) 100% alcohol: 12 hrs

56
Q

How is paraffin impregnation done?

A

The tissue is immersed in molten wax

57
Q

In paraffin impregnation, the tissue is immersed in molten wax at what temp?

A

60 DC

58
Q

What are the pros of using an automated tissue processor?

A

1) It saves time
2) It produces consistent results
3) It can overcome:
a. Laborious steps in processing
b. Human errors and forgetfulness

59
Q

What are the details present in the display (of the automated tissue processor)?

A

1) Processes for start-up and shut down of the processor

2) Details of solution change

60
Q

What are the causes of malfxns of automatic processors?

A

1) Dried sxs
2) Burned sxs
3) Sxs that remained in the clearing agent for too long

61
Q

How can the dried out tissues / badly processed tissues be best improved?

A

By reprocessing by the formal-glycerol procedure

62
Q

True or False

Any malfxns present in the automated tissue processor should all be documented

A

True

63
Q

What are the components of the documentation of the malfxn (of the automated tissue processor) that happened?

A

1) Tissues affected
2) Resource followed
3) Action taken

64
Q

In an automated tissue processor, what is required to ensure uninterrupted processing?

A

UPS

65
Q

What are the results if interruption of carousal movement (of the automated tissue processor) is present?

A

1) Drying out of tissue

2) Tissue damage

66
Q

What are the results if shortcuts in processing (via the use of an automated tissue processor) are done?

A

1) Incompletely dehydrated sxs

2) Cleared and infiltrated sxs

67
Q

True or False

Mechanical and electrical faults (in automated tissue processors) usually occur

A

False, because mechanical and electrical faults (in automated tissue processors) occasionally occur

68
Q

In connection to mechanical and electrical faults (in automated tissue processors), processing mishaps are caused by what?

A

Human error

69
Q

True or False

Tissues that are kept for a longer or shorter period than necessary are inadequately processed

A

True

70
Q

What is the std working temp for wax?

A

65 DC

71
Q

The heating station will automatically switch on at what temp?

A

< 50 DC

72
Q

What should be done when working w/ paraffin (specifically at a melting point of < 58 DC)?

A

Instrument working temp is readjusted

73
Q

True or False

Temp of the wax bath is checked and recorded monthly

A

False, because the temp of the wax bath is checked and recorded daily

74
Q

The use of an inappropriate processing schedule or the making of a fundamental mistake (such as replenishing or sequencing of processing rgnts) can result in what?

A

It can result in the production of tissue sxs that cannot be sectioned and therefore will not provide any useful microscopic info

75
Q

The rgnt is changed depending on what?

A

1) Quality of the sx

2) Quantity of the sx

76
Q

W/ the load of 300 - 350 cassettes per day, what are the frequencies for changing the ff solutions:

1) Absolute alcohol
2) Xylene
3) Wax
4) Formalin

A

1) Alternate day
2) Every 3rd day
3) Weekly
4) Everyday

77
Q

What should be done to the log?

A

It should be maintained

78
Q

Why should the log be maintained?

A

For the days of changing the processing solutions

79
Q

True or False

The automated tissue processor should be cleaned on a monthly basis

A

False, because the automated tissue processor should be cleaned on a daily basis

80
Q

What should be done to the automated tissue processor for once a month?

A

1) Lift the carousel cover
2) Clean the axle
3) Apply a thin coat of equipment oil

81
Q

What is anhydrous CuSO4?

A

Anhydrous copper sulfate

82
Q

What should be done to anhydrous CuSO4 (in an automated tissue processor)?

A

1) It should be placed at the bottom of a dehydrating bottle

2) It should be covered w/ 2 - 3 filter papers

83
Q

What is the action of anhydrous CuSO4 (in an automated tissue processor)?

A

It removes H2O from alcohol

84
Q

What is the characteristic of anhydrous CuSO4 (in an automated tissue processor)?

A

It is white in color

85
Q

True or False

CuSO4 should be in final alcohol (in an automated tissue processor)

A

True

86
Q

What is the characteristic of hydrated CuSO4 (in an automated tissue processor)?

A

It is blue in color

87
Q

True or False

Calibrations of the timer and thermostat is required every month

A

False, because the calibrations of the timer and thermostat is required every yr

88
Q

In the step of trimming, sectioning, and labeling, what should be done before sectioning?

A

Wax blocks are rubbed w/ ice

89
Q

True or False

It is impt to have a properly fixed and embedded block

A

True

90
Q

What are the common artefacts that may occur?

A

1) Tearing
2) Ripping
3) Venetian blinds
4) Holes
5) Folding

91
Q

True or False

In staining, each procedure that comprises this step is standardized as per requirement

A

True

92
Q

True or False

Staining involves multiple steps

A

True

93
Q

Since staining involves multiple steps, what should be used?

A

Work-bench aids

94
Q

What is done in deparrafinization?

A

The paraffin is removed by dipping the slides in xylene

95
Q

In deparrafinization, how many changes of xylene are used and for what time duration is the xylene changed?

A

3 changes of xylene: used for 5 mins

96
Q

How is hydration (as a step in staining) done?

A

The slides are dipped in alcohol

97
Q

What are the 2 phases where slides are dipped in alcohol (in hydration)?

A

1st: in 90% alcohol
2nd: in 80% alcohol (for 2 secs each)

98
Q

After hydration, what should be done to the slides?

A

Place the slides under running tap H2O for 2 mins

99
Q

Why should the slides be placed under running tap H2O for 2 mins (after hydration)?

A

For blueing the hydration of the slide

100
Q

What should be done to the slides after being placed under running tap H2O?

A

Stain the slide w/ hematoxylin stain (for 15 - 20 mins)

101
Q

What should be done to the slide after staining it w/ hematoxylin stain?

A

Place again the slide under running tap H2O (for 5 mins)

102
Q

What should be done to the slide after placing it again under running tap H2O?

A

Dip the slides for a few times in 1% acid-alcohol for decolorization

103
Q

What should be done after dipping the slides in a decolorizer?

A

Place the slides under running tap H2O (for 15 mins)

104
Q

What should be done to the slides after placing these under running tap H2O?

A

Counterstain w/ 1% eosin stain

105
Q

What should be done to the slide after counterstaining it?

A

Immerse the slide in H2O (for 1 min)

106
Q

What should be done to the slide after immersing it in H2O?

A

Immerse the slides in ascending concentrations of alcohol (dehydration), then, dip the slides 2 - 3 times (1st: in 90% alcohol; 2nd: in 100% alcohol)

107
Q

What should be done to the slide after dehydrating it?

A

Slides are then cleared in xylol thrice (for 2 mins each)

108
Q

What should be done to the slide after clearing it in xylol?

A

Mount the slide w/ DPX

109
Q

How is mounting the slide w/ DPX done?

A

1) Place some amt of DPX on the tissue section
2) Place a cover slip on it
3) Remove air bubbles by gently pressing w/ a forceps
4) Wipe the excess DPX w/ a tissue

110
Q

The nuclei of the tissue will stain what color?

A

Blue

111
Q

The cytoplasm of the tissue will stain what color?

A

Shades of pink to red

112
Q

What is the summary of the steps of the process present in the histopath lab?

A

1) Sx collection
a. Use of fixatives
b. Use of special fixatives
c. Tagging of sxs
d. Handling of small fragile sxs
e. Presence of test requisition form
2) Sx transportation
a. Should be transported at room temp
b. A 10% formalin hazard label should be present
c. Sxs should be placed in a well-sealed leak proof container
3) Sx accessioning
a. For accurately labeling and tracking sxs
b. For proper identification of sxs
4) Grossing
a. Inking of sxs
b. Gross in a proper room
c. Use proper PPEs when grossing
d. Formalin vapor monitoring (monitoring of environmental conditions)
e. Cleaning of the grossing station
f. Cleaning of the grossing equipment
6) Tissue processing
a. Fix the tissue
b. Since the tissue is already hardened, cut it into 5 um sections
c. These sections are stained and examined microscopically
d. Remove H2O from the tissue (dehydration)
e. Progressively replace the H2O w/ wax (paraffin impregnation)
f. Using automated tissue processor is more beneficial and convenient
g. Certain calibrations must be done
h. Trimming, sectioning, and labeling
A. Honing
B. Stropping
i. Slide preparation
A. Staining
-> Deparaffinization
-> Hydration
-> Dehydration
-> Mount the slide w/ DPX

Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions