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Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) > Pre-Analytical Stage (Part 2) | F > Flashcards

Pre-Analytical Stage (Part 2) | F Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components (/ flow) in the surgical pathology?

A

1) Pt
2) Surgeon
3) Sx
4) Receiving
5) Accessioning
6) Grossing
7) Sx storage
8) Processing
a. Embedding
b. Cutting
c. Deparaffinization
d. Staining
e. Clearing
f. Mounting
g. Labeling
9) Analysis / Evaluation
10) Report generation

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2
Q

What are the purpose of histopathology / cytology studies?

A

1) To diagnose
2) To confirm dx
3) To treat
4) To assess px
5) To assess treatment
6) To screen for disease

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3
Q

What are the morphologic methods for lab dx of CA?

A

1) Cytology
a. Exfoliative cytology
i. Cervical Pap’s Smear
ii. Washings / Brushings
b. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)
c. Fluids
i. Pleural
ii. Peritoneal
iii. CSF
iv. Urine
2) Tissue / Tissue biopsies
a. Incision biopsy
b. Punch biopsy
c. Core biopsy
d. Cone biopsy
e. Excision biopsy
f. Tissue resection
g. Frozen section dx
3) Immunohistochemistry
a. Basic battery to differentiate tumors
i. Cytokeratin
ii. Vimentin
iii. LCA
iv. S-100 / NSE

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4
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

It is a medical / surgical procedure considered by most as the gold std for definitive dx for malignancy / CA

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5
Q

What is done in a biopsy?

A

It entails sampling of a tissue / tumor mass for examination under the microscope by a patho

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of biopsy?

A

It can be:

1) Out-pt procedure
2) Invasive surgical procedure

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7
Q

The biopsy w/c is an invasive surgical procedure necessitates what?

A

Admission

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8
Q

What are the types of tissue biopsy?

A

1) FNAB
2) Core needle biopsy
3) Vacuum-assisted biopsy
4) Endoscopic biopsy
5) Bone marrow biopsy
6) Surgical biopsy
7) Curettings / Scrappings

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9
Q

What are the types of tissue biopsy w/c are image-guided biopsy?

A

1) FNAB
2) Core needle biopsy
3) Vacuum-assisted biopsy

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10
Q

Curettings / scrappings are for what type of sxs?

A

Gynecologic sxs

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of endoscopes?

A

1) Thin
2) Lighted
3) Flexible
4) W/ cameras

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12
Q

What are endoscopes?

A

These are thin, lighted, flexible tubes w/ cameras

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13
Q

Who uses endoscopes?

A

Doctors

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14
Q

What is the fxn of endoscopes?

A

To view inside of the body, including the:

1) Bladder
2) Abdomen
3) Joints
4) GIT

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15
Q

What are the 2 types / ways of surgical biopsy?

A

1) Incisional biopsy

2) Excisional biopsy

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16
Q

What is the meaning of the suffix “ectomy”?

A

To cut / remove an organ

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17
Q

Provide an ex of using the suffix “ectomy”

A

Hysterectomy

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18
Q

What is hysterectomy?

A

It is the removal of the uterus

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19
Q

What is the meaning of the suffix “ostomy”?

A

To make a hole / small incision

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20
Q

Provide an ex of using the suffix “ostomy”

A

Thoracostomy

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21
Q

What is thoracostomy?

A

Making a hole going to the thoracic cavity

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22
Q

What is the meaning of the suffix “otomy”?

A

It means to open a cavity / organ

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23
Q

Provide an ex using the suffix “otomy”

A

Exploratory laparotomy

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24
Q

What is exploratory laparotomy?

A

Opening of the abdominal cavity

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25
What are the different types of colon resection?
1) Left colectomy (/ left hemicolectomy) 2) Right colectomy (/ right hemicolectomy) 3) Sigmoid colectomy (/ sigmoidectomy) 4) Low anterior resection 5) Abdominal perineal resection (/ mile's resection) 6) Segmental resection
26
What is the meaning of TAH?
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy
27
What is TAH?
It is the removal of uterus w/ cervix
28
What is oophorectomy?
It is the removal of ovaries
29
What is salpingectomy?
It is the removal of fallopian tubes
30
What is salpingo-oophorectomy?
It is the removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes
31
What is it called if removal of uterus w/ cervix + removal of ovaries / fallopian tubes is present?
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy Bilateral Salphingo-Oophorectomy
32
What is prostatectomy?
It is the removal of the whole prostate
33
What is the meaning of cysto-TURP?
Cystoscopic Transurethral Resection of Prostate
34
What is colectomy?
It is the removal of portions of the colon
35
What is right hemicolectomy?
It is the removal of the portions of the colon in the right side
36
What is left hemicolectomy?
It is the removal of the portions of the colon in the left side
37
What is sigmoidectomy?
It is the removal of portions of the colon in the sigmoid
38
What is mile's resection?
It is a special case whereas it is done if the CA is very near the anus (whereas there are no margins), hence, the only margin is the outside / exterior w/c is the anus itself, as a result, the anus itself should be removed producing a problem for the pt in terms of defecation
39
What is gastrectomy?
It is the removal of stomach
40
What are the 2 ways / types of gastrectomy?
1) Partial | 2) Complete
41
What are the 3 types / ways of removal of small intestines (depending on the sp. part that will be removed)?
1) Duodenectomy 2) Jejunectomy 3) Iliectomy
42
What is duodenectomy?
It is the removal of duodenum
43
What is jejunectomy?
It is the removal of jejunum
44
What is iliectomy?
It is the removal of ileum
45
What is appendectomy?
It is the removal of appendix
46
What is cholecystectomy?
It is the removal of gallbladder
47
What are the materials needed for grossing histopathologic sxs?
1) Counter (should be near a H2O source [sink] and vent) 2) Cutting board 3) Scalpel and corresponding blade 4) Forceps a. Toothed b. Not toothed 5) Surgical scissors 6) Ruler 7) Tape measure 8) Strainer 9) Bone cutter 10) Weighing scale a. For big sxs b. For small sxs 11) Pencil 12) Filter paper 13) Light source 14) Container of cassettes
48
What is mastectomy?
It is the removal of breast
49
What is radical mastectomy?
It is the removal of breast w/ skeletal muscle
50
What is the modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?
It is the removal of breast w/ fascia (no muscle)
51
What are the things that should be considered when grossing of histopathologic sxs in surgical path?
1) Proper grossing attire 2) Labels, cassettes / gauze, and requests 3) Materials for grossing 4) Grossing proper a. Excision biopsy sxs (small masses) b. Appendix / gallbladder c. Prostate chips / placental tissues d. Hollow organs i. GIT ii. TAHBSO 5) Solid organs a. Breast b. Liver / Spleen / Kidney
52
What are the requirements for the counter used for grossing histopathologic sxs?
1) Near a H2O source (sink) | 2) Has a vent
53
What are the sxs that are considered as small biopsy sxs?
1) Incision biopsy sx 2) Core needle biopsy sxs 3) Bone marrow biopsy sxs 4) Endoscopic biopsy sxs 5) Excision biopsy sx 6) Skin biopsy
54
What should be the measurement for a clinically benign lesion (for excision biopsy sx)?
Not 3 cm >
55
If malignancy is highly suspected clinically, excision biopsy sxs in general and sxs w/c are < 3 cm are considered in what size?
Medium
56
What should be done to small biopsy sxs (multiple tissue fragments)?
1) Gross description should be provided a. Shape b. Color c. Consistency d. Aggregate measurement (metric system) 2) Note if the sx has mucus or blood 3) For sxs w/ an aggregate measurement of < 0.5 cm and for bone marrow biopsies a. Wrap these sxs in a filter paper b. Place the filter paper w/ sx into the cassette (to avoid loss of sxs) together w/ the proper label
57
What should be done to small biopsy sxs (mass / single mass)?
1) Gross description should be noted a. Shape b. Color c. Consistency d. Measurement (metric system) e. Is it lobulated? f. Is it encapsulated? 2) Is it w/ skin ellipse? a. What is the measurement of the skin ellipse? b. What is the appearance of the ellipse? c. Is the mass extending to the skin? 3) Note the appearance of the cut section a. Is it cystic? b. Is it solid? c. Is it partly cystic-solid? 4) For excision w/ margins, note the ff a. How far from the superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and basal margins?
58
What should be done to excision small biopsy sxs (mass) w/ margins?
The margins should be inked (especially if malignancy is considered)
59
What is considered a necessity to be done in the histopath lab?
Sx disposition and disposal
60
Why is sx disposition and disposal considered as a necessity in the histopath lab?
Because the stored sxs poses health hazards
61
The stored sxs (in the lab) are considered to pose health hazards according to what law?
PD 856 : Sanitation Code of Philippines
62
Is there a legality in terms of disposing sxs?
Yes
63
Sx disposition and disposal is based on what?
Practicality
64
Why should be practicality observed in terms of sx disposition and disposal?
Due to lack of: 1) Space 2) Manpower 3) Resources (in terms of maintaining the sxs stored)
65
Prior to sx disposition and disposal, what should be done?
Classifying the sx
66
The sxs (prior to sx disposition and disposal) should be classified into what?
1) Certainly innocent sx 2) Sx w/c could be under possible litigation 3) Sx under ongoing litigation 4) Sx in a concluded litigation
67
In certainly innocent sxs, lab dx is what?
Certain
68
Lab dx can be in what?
1) Histopath 2) PAPS (/ Pap smear) 3) Other lab examinations a. Blood b. Urine
69
True or False For certainly innocent sxs, the pt is discharged w/out complaint (meaning, the treatment was successful)
True
70
What are prescription of actions?
It is the period within w/c a person can exercise his/her right of action against one who caused his suffering
71
What are the 3 types of liabilities that the pt can do (in relationship w/ sx disposition and disposal)?
1) Administrative 2) Civil (contracts) 3) Criminal
72
What is the prescriptive period for administrative liability?
Generally none unless the administrative law so provides
73
What are the 2 types of civil (contracts) liability?
1) Oral / verbal | 2) Written
74
What is the prescriptive period for oral / verbal liability (under civil liability)?
6 yrs
75
What is the prescriptive period for written liability (under civil liability)?
10 yrs
76
What is the prescriptive period for criminal liability?
Generally 25 yrs unless the criminal law so provides
77
What is the duration of the keeping of medical records (legally speaking) by the hospital?
25 yrs
78
As per DOH Circular (administratively speaking), the hospital can dispose the medical records after how many yrs (for in-patients)?
After 15 yrs from the time of last confinement
79
As per DOH Circular (administratively speaking), the hospital can dispose the medical records after how many yrs (for OPD pts)?
After 10 years
80
What are the concepts associated w/ certainly innocent sx?
1) Histopath results 2) Other lab results 3) Request forms
81
How do you proceed if you want to dispose innocent sx before 25 yrs?
Have the pt sign the consent for sx disposal
82
What are the ways to document the state of the sx for sx w/c could be under possible litigation?
1) By description in words narrating the last state of condition before disposal 2) Print photography 3) Disc documentation (still photography) 4) Video-audio documentation
83
Is there a legality in terms of disposing sxs?
Yes
84
True or False Litigations in the Philippines take placed from 10 - 15 yrs
False, because litigations in the Philippines take placed from 5 - 20 yrs
85
What are the things that cannot be denied (/ are inevitable) for sx w/c could be under possible litigation?
1) Unavoidable deterioration of the sx and the slides | 2) Unavoidable turnover of pathology staff in the lab
86
For sx w/c could be under possible litigation, what must be made known to the pt?
If the sx will be transferred / disposed and if any deterioration or other things are done to the sx
87
For sx w/c could be under possible litigation, the documentation of the state of sx should be done in the presence of whom?
1) Pt | 2) Pt's representative (if the pt is not available)
88
For sx under ongoing litigation, the documentation of the state of sx should be done in the presence of whom?
1) Pt 2) Pt's representative (if pt is not available) 3) Court representative
89
What should be done to sx under concluded litigation?
Proceed in the manner as if in the innocent sx (because the litigation is already done), but in the consent for disposal, it should be noted that even if the pt has / takes an appeal, the sx can't be used anymore

Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) (17 decks)

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