General Pathology: An Introduction (P)

Question 1

What are the words where the meaning of pathology were derived from?

Answer 1

1) Logos: study
2) Pathos: disease

Study of disease

Question 2

What is pathology?

Answer 2

It is the study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease

Question 3

What is the characteristic of pathology?

Answer 3

It attempts to explain the signs and symptoms manifested by pts by using molecular, microbiologic, immunologic, and morphologic techniques, providing a rational basis for clinical care and therapy

Question 4

What are the 2 main branches of pathology?

Answer 4

1) General pathology

2) Systemic pathology

Question 5

What is anatomic pathology?

Answer 5

It studies gross and microscopic morphological changes in cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease

Question 6

What is clinical pathology?

Answer 6

It studies changes in cells and tissues using biochemical, immunological, microbiological, and molecular techniques to diagnose disease

Question 7

What is molecular pathology and what are its purposes?

Answer 7

It is defined as the analysis of NAs and proteins for the ff purposes:

1) To diagnose disease
2) To predict the occurrence of disease
3) To predict the prognosis of diagnosed disease, and
4) To guide therapy such as selecting treatments and monitoring the effectiveness of therapies

Question 8

What are the 4 elements of disease process?

Answer 8

1) Etiology
2) Pathogenesis
3) Molecular / morphologic changes
4) Clinical manifestations

Question 9

What is etiology?

Answer 9

It is the cause of the disease

Question 10

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 10

It is the mechanism of development of the disease

Question 11

What are molecular / morphologic changes?

Answer 11

These are biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body

Question 12

What are clinical manifestations?

Answer 12

These are functional consequences of the molecular / morphologic changes

Question 13

What are the 2 major classes of etiologic factors?

Answer 13

1) Genetic

2) Acquired

Question 14

What are the exs under the genetic class of etiologic factors?

Answer 14

1) Inherited mutations

2) Polymorphisms

Question 15

What are the exs of sources for acquired class of etiologic factors?

Answer 15

1) Infection
2) Nutritional
3) Chemical
4) Physical

Question 16

What is the principle of Koch’s postulate or Germ Theory of Disease?

Answer 16

1 etiologic factor - 1 disease

Question 17

Is the principle of Koch’s postulate applicable to all diseases?

Answer 17

No, it is not applicable to majority of diseases

Question 18

Why is the Koch’s postulate not applicable to majority of diseases?

Answer 18

Because most diseases are multifactorial

Question 19

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 19

It refers to the sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent, from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease

Question 20

What are the characteristics of pathogenesis?

Answer 20

1) It is 1 of the main domains of pathology

2) Molecular pathology is under this

Question 21

Who is / are the person/s behind the Koch’s postulate?

Answer 21

Rudolf Virchow

Question 22

What is the timeline of the course of life of Rudolf Virchow?

Answer 22

Oct 13, 1821 - Sept 5, 1902

Question 23

What is the meaning of FISH?

Answer 23

Fluorescence in-situ hybridization

Question 24

The pathologist is on the case starting where up to where?

Answer 24

Starting w/ the H&E all the way to the FISH electronic sign-out

Question 25

What is diagnosed from Angelina Jolie as a marker for breast cancer?

Answer 25

Extra copy of HER2 genes

Question 26

At what chromosome is HER2 genes present?

Answer 26

Chromosome 17

Question 27

What are functional derangements and clinical manifestations?

Answer 27

These are the end results of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes in cells and tissues w/c are functional abnormalities

Question 28

How are the clinical manifestations of a certain disease achieved?

Answer 28

The functional abnormalities from the end results of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes in cells and tissues then lead to the clinical manifestations of disease, as well as its progress

Question 29

The clinical manifestations of a disease occurs in what forms?

Answer 29

1) Symptoms

2) Signs

Question 30

The progress of a disease is defined as what?

Answer 30

The clinical course and outcome of the disease

Question 31

Who is Rudolf Virchow?

Answer 31

1) He is a German pathologist and statesman, 1 of the most prominent physicians of the 19th century
2) He is considered as the “Father of Modern Pathology”

Question 32

What is the contribution of Rudolf Virchow?

Answer 32

He pioneered the modern concept of pathological processes by his application of the cell theory to explain the effects of disease in the organs and tissues of the body

Question 33

What is the concept that Rudolf Virchow emphasized in connection to cell theory?

Answer 33

He emphasized that diseases arose, not in organs or tissues in general, but primarily in their individual cells

Question 34

What did Rudolf Virchow said in connection to cell theory?

Answer 34

“Virtually all forms of tissue injury starts w/ molecular or structural alterations in CELLS”

“The body is a cell state in w/c every cell is a citizen. Disease is merely the conflict of the citizens of the state brought about by the action of external forces”