Cellular Respiration Flashcards
(43 cards)
Combination of aerobic and anaerobic catabolic pathways that break down organic molecules (e.g. glucose) to produce ATP
cellular respiration
Mitochondria are the site of __ ___ __ to synthesize ATP. The higher the __ __ of a cell are, the more mitochondria it will have. For example __ __ have few mitochondria, while ___ cells can have up to thousands
aerobic cellular respiration, energy needs, retinal cells, muscle
Mitochondria have their own ___ DNA that replicates ____. This DNA is exclusively inherited from the ___. They also contain their own ___
circular, independently, mother, ribosomes
The outer membrane of the mitochondria is ___ and encompasses the entire mitochondria. Between the outer and inner membrane is the __ __. The inner membrane contain ___, highly folded regions that increases the ___ __, allowing more ATP to be made. The space enclosed by the inner membrane is the __ ___, and is where the __ and __ are found
smooth, intermembrane space, cristae, surface are, mitochondrial matrix, ribosomes, DNA
Glycolysis takes place in the _____ of the cell, while the citric acid cycle takes place in the ___ __. The electron transport chain takes place in the ___ ____ ____
cytosol, mitchondrial matrix, inner mitochondrial membrane
The overall reaction of cellular respiration is _______ –> ________. It is a ___ reaction that is overall __ and ____
C5H12O6 + 6O2, 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, combustion, oxidative, exergonic
Production of ATP using direct transfer of phosphate groups to ADP using enzyme catalyzed reactions
substrate level phosphorylation
production of ATP using energy from redox reactions of the ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
The overall reaction of glycolysis is ___ –> ____
glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP, 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O
Glycolysis produces ATP via __ __ ___, and does not require ___ to occur
substrate level phosphorylation, oxygen
In the first step of glycolysis, the enzyme ___ uses 1 molecule of ___ to convert glucose into _____. This gives the glucose molecule a ___ charge and prevents it from ___ the cell
hexokinase, ATP, glucose-6-phosphate, negative, leaving
Later in glycolysis ____ uses up an ATP molecule to convert ____ to ____. This is an ___ step that commits the molecule to glycolysis. When ATP is high, PFK is ____, preventing glycolysis from occurring. When ATP is low, PFK is in ___
phosphofructosekinase, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-biphosphate, irreversible, inhibited, abundance
In glycolysis there is an __ ___ phase, in which 2 ATP are used, and a later __ phase, in which __ ATP and 2 ____ are produced, making a net ___ ATP
initial investment, paygoff, 4, NADH, 2
Glycolysis takes a 6 carbon glucose and turns it into ___ ___ carbon molecules of ____. The 2 molecules of NADH produced are __ __ useful for the later steps of cellular respiration
2, 3, pyruvate, energy carriers
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, pyruvate is converted to ___ ___, producing 1 ___, and 1 ____. This is catalyzed by the ___ __ ___. This cycle happens twice, and thus produces ____ of each product. This is called __ ___ and occurs in the __ __
acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 2, pyruvate decarboxylation, mitochondrial matrix
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, acetyl coa enters and merges with __ to form ___. This product will go through __ more steps, and eventually ___ is reformed. The cycle repeats ___ times for every glucose molecule, and is __ ___ phosphorylation
oxaloacetate, citrate, 7, oxaloacetate, 2, substrate level
During one turn of the citric acid cycle, 1 _____, __ NADH, and __ FADH2 and ___ CO2 that are exhaled are produced. Thus each glucose will produce double the number of these products
GTP, 3, 1, 2
NADH and FADH2 are ___ ___ molecules that function as high energy __ ___. They pick up these electrons from the __ __ ___ and are used in the ETC
coenzyme nucleotide, electron carriers, citric acid cycle
In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 are ___ back to __ and ___, where they can function again in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
oxidized, NAD, FAD
NADH passes an electron over to ___ __ and FADH2 passes an electron to __ __. As high energy electrons pass through each of the __ in the ETC, the ____ energy provided is used to pump ___ ions from the _______ __ to the ___ ___, where it accumulates. Thus, the amount of energy the electrons has ___ over the chain.
complex I, complex II, proteins, exergonic, H+, mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space, decreases
In the final step of the ETC, electrons are transferred from complex ___ to ___, which is the final electron acceptor. The __, protons and electrons combine to form ___, the final product.
4, oxygen, O2, water
The protons have formed an __ ___. Through ____, the protons flow through __ ___, which uses this energy to make ATP from ADP. This process combined with the ETC makes up __ __
electrochemical gradient, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation
The electron transport chain produces ___ ATP. Since energy is required to move NADH into the mitochondria, in eukaryotes, the total ATP produced is __-
34, 36
Anaerobic respiration still uses glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the ETC, but instead use molecules like ___, ___, and ___ as the final electron acceptor, rather than oxygen
SO4, NO3, S
