Diversity of Life

Question 1

Taxonomic divisions

Answer 1

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species

Question 2

Domain ___ and ___ are prokaryotic, while domain ____ are eukaryotic

Answer 2

archaea, eubacteria, eukarya

Question 3

prokaryotic cells are __ ____ organisms. They have no ____ and no nucleus, thus DNA is held in a ___. Their DNA is ___, with no introns. They have a ____ cell wall, and can undergo ___ and ____. They use __ ___ to replicate. They have __- and ___ on their surface for adhesion, and often have _____ which is made of flagellin. They have ____ ribosomes

Answer 3

single celled, organelles, nucleoid, circular, peptidoglycan, conjugation, transformation, binary fission, pili, fimbriae, flagella, 70S

Question 4

Eukaryotic cells are both single and ___ organisms, have ____ and a ___. Their DNA is bound to ____ proteins, has ___ is ___, and is found inside organelles. They can have __ or flagella made of ___. They have a ___ ribosome and under __/___ to divide

Answer 4

multicellular, organelles, nucleus, histone, introns, linear, cilia, tubulin, 80S, mitosis, meiosis

Question 5

_____ are organisms that obtain energy by the consumption of organic molecules produce autotrophs. These include ____ and ____ that live off dead, decaying matter, also referred to as ___.

Answer 5

heterotrophs, parasites, saprophytes, decomposers

Question 6

___ make their own organic molecules. _____ use light (photosynthesis) while _____ use inorganic molecules

Answer 6

autotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

Question 7

organisms that must live in the presence of oxygen

Answer 7

obligate aerobes

Question 8

organisms that can survive only in the absence of oxygen

Answer 8

obligate anaerobes

Question 9

Organisms that grow in the presence of oxygen but can also undergo anaerobic metabolism if oxygen is absent

Answer 9

facultative anaerobe

Question 10

Domain archaea, or _____, are the ___ domain of life. They have a prokaryotic cell type, but have no ______, but they have ___ like bacteria, have phospholipids with ___ linkages to glycerol, ___ hydrocarbons, ___ proteins, and ___ in their DNA. They are not ____ and their ribosomes are not inhibited by ____

Answer 10

archaebacteria, oldest, peptidoglycan, polysaccharides, ether, branched, histone, introns, pathogenic antibiotics

Question 11

Methanogens belong to the domain ___ and are __ ___. The produce ___ as a biproduct of their anabolic pathways, and are found in the __ __ of humans, cows, the __ and ____

Answer 11

archaea, obligate anaerobes, methane, GI tract, mud, swamps

Question 12

Thermophiles are part of domain ____. They are ___ ___ and most are ___ based ___

Answer 12

archaea, heat lovers, sulfur, chemoautotrophs

Question 13

Halophiles are part of domain ___ and are ___ ___, living in environments like the __ _ ___, and __ ___. Most are ___ but some are anaerobic. Some are __ and some are ___

Answer 13

archaea, salt lovers, great salt lake, dead sea, aerobic, photosynthetic, heterotrophic

Question 14

Domain eubacteria have a prokaryotic cell type and a cell wall made up of ____, which is either ___ or _____. They have no __ proteins for DNA and their ribosome composition is different and thus can be inhibited by antibiotics like ____. They also have ____ which remain dormant until conditions are right to form a bacterium cell

Answer 14

peptidoglycan, gram +, gram -, histone, streptomycin, endospores

Question 15

Rod shaped bacteria

Answer 15

bacillus

Question 16

spherical shape bacteria

Answer 16

coccus

Question 17

spiral shaped bacteria

Answer 17

sprillium

Question 18

When bacteria are arranged in multiple cells in a chain

Answer 18

“strepto”

Question 19

When bacteria are arranged as a cluster of cells

Answer 19

staphyl-

Question 20

Gram positive bacteria have a ___ layer of peptidoglycan, and no _____ outer membrane. They also have __ __ between the peptidoglycan and plasma membrane. These characteristics cause it to turn _ ___ when gram stained

Answer 20

thick, LPS, teichoic acids, dark purple

Question 21

Gram negative bacteria have a __ layer of peptidoglycan, and a ____ outer membrane that will release ____ when the cell is killed. They have no ____ ___ and turn __ when stained

Answer 21

thin, LPS, endotoxin, teichoic acids, pink

Question 22

Nitrogen fixing bacteria takes __ and fixes it to ____ ions. Nitrifying bacteria will take these and convert it to ___. This last product can be a ____ into plants, and thus these bacteria have a ___ relationship with plants

Answer 22

N2, ammonium, nitrate, taken, mutualistic

Question 23

Cyanobacteria or ___ ___, are ____ prokaryotic bacteria.

Answer 23

blue-green algae, photosynthetic

Question 24

Conjugation is unique to ___ cells, as it involves ____ that code for a ____ that allows for horizontal gene transfer. This may promote ____

Answer 24

prokaryotic, plasmid, pilus, fitness

Question 25

Transformation is unique to ___ cells and allows bacteria to uptake plasmids in the environment. ___ or ____ will cause the membrane of the cell to open and take up the plasmid

Answer 25

prokaryotic, heat CaCl2,

Question 26

Transduction is unique to ___ cells and involves the transfer of __ __ via ___

Answer 26

prokaryotic, bacterial DNA, viruses

Question 27

Viruses are ___ ___ that infect the host's cells. Viruses are made up of either double of single stranded __ or __ but never both. They have a ___ cover called a ___ that encloses their genetic information and may have ____ as part of it that is involved in surface recognition. They may also have a ___ ____ that is obtained from the host cell membrane

Answer 27

non-living, parasitic, RNA, DNA, protein, capsid, glycoproteins, phospholipid envelope

Question 28

viruses that infect bacteria

Answer 28

bacteriophages

Question 29

Polymers that make up capsids

Answer 29

capsomeres

Question 30

In the ___ cycle, a virus injects genetic material into its host cell, hijacks the cell's machinery like ___ to produce more viruses. The new virus ___ from the host cell's membrane, obtaining a __ __ and killing the cell in the process

Answer 30

lytic, enzymes, erupts, phospholipid envelope

Question 31

____ are ssRNA viruses that use ___ __ to make DNA from its ___. Then this DNA is incorporated into the host's genome and either goes through the lytic or ___ cycle An example is ___

Answer 31

retroviruses, reverse transcriptase, RNA, lysogenic, HIV

Question 32

In the lysogenic cycle a virus hides in the host's ___, and viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host's cell. These viruses are known as ___ in bacteria or ___ when it is dormant. After the dormant virus receives a certain signal from the ___ it undergoes the ___ cycle and kills the cell

Answer 32

genome, provirus, prophage, environment, lytic

Question 33

Bacteriophages can have a ___ that helps it inject its genetic material and __ ___ that help it recognize and attach onto its host cell

Answer 33

sheath, tail fibers

Question 34

The phospholipid envelope is also called the _____ ___, and is typically seen in viruses that infect ___ cells.

Answer 34

viral envelope, animal

Question 35

In the viral lifecycle, the virus first undergoes ___, in which the virus is limited to the ___ of cell it can attach to, and the different ___ __ present.

Answer 35

attachment, type, surface proteins

Question 36

a set of species a virus can infect

Answer 36

host ranges

Question 37

After attachment, viruses ___ the cell depending on the virus type and host cell. ____ inject their genetic information into the host using a __ __. ____ viruses will fuse their __ __ with the membrane of the host. Others are taken in through ____

Answer 37

enter, bacteriophages, protein tail, enveloped, viral envelope, endocytosis

Question 38

After the virus enters the host, it undergoes ____, where the genome is exposed via the breakdown of viral ___.

Answer 38

uncoating, capsid

Question 39

After uncoating the virus, the virus uses the hosts' ____, ____ and ____ to replicate their genome and create __ __. This is specific to the __ of virus

Answer 39

nucleotides, enzymes, ribosomes, viral proteins, type

Question 40

After creating the viral proteins, they undergo _____, the process of ____ assembling the genome and viral proteins into new complete particles called ___

Answer 40

self-assembly, spontaneously, virions

Question 41

After self assembly the virus exits the host cell by ___ ___, which is ___, __ of the host cell, or ___. Then the virus is free to ___ more cells

Answer 41

viral shedding, budding, apoptosis, exocytosis, infect

Question 42

The the virus exists its host cell by budding off a portion of the host's cell's membrane to use as a viral envelope

Answer 42

budding

Question 43

When the virus is released by vesicles fusing with the host cell's membrane

Answer 43

exocytosis

Question 44

The phase of the lysogenic cycle in which a stress causes the phage to transition from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle

Answer 44

trigger phase

Question 45

viral genomes that integrate into bacterial genomes

Answer 45

prophage

Question 46

Viral genomes that integrate into eukaryotic genomes

Answer 46

provirus

Question 47

Some bacteria have _ ___ ___ that prevent phages from identifying the bacterial surface proteins. Some have __ ___ that cut the phage DNA at specific recognized ___, preventing it from being duplicated or replicated.

Answer 47

cell surface mutations, restriction enzymes, sequenecs

Question 48

if the phage DNA has been added to the host's genome, ___ ___ will activate the __ system. The phage DNA is transcribed and ____ making small ____. This binds ___ ___. This complex tracks down the __ __ which is cleaved and destroyed,

Answer 48

subsequent infection, CRISPR-cas, processed, RNA, cas proteins, viral genome

Question 49

Acute viral infections involve ____ onset and ___ of symptoms. These types of infections travel through ____ exposure and are usually responsible for viral outbreaks like the ___ The virions ____ rapidly, but the load shortly ___ after the infection

Answer 49

quick, briefness, airborne, flu, replicate, decreases

Question 50

Chronic viral infections involve a period of ___ initial viral load, where the virus can ___ to other sites. Eventually the immune system is able to control the infection, resulting in a ____ viral load that can last several____ to a lifetime

Answer 50

high, spread, low, years

Question 51

latent viral infections, can last years to a ____, and includes ___ phases of high viral load after the initial ___ phase

Answer 51

lifetime, intermittent, acute

Question 52

Slow progressing infection is similar to a ___ __, however, after a period of latency, the illness continues to progress when the virus becomes ___ to start replicating itself. This latent period is seen when the virus enters the ___ cycle, followed by the __ phase which can release new particles

Answer 52

latent infection, reactivated, lysogenic, trigger

Question 53

_____ viruses are when viruses suddenly become prominent in a population. This can occur when an existing virus ____

Answer 53

emerging, mutates

Question 54

viral outbreak in a large population

Answer 54

epidemic

Question 55

global viral outbreak

Answer 55

pandemic

Question 56

Weakened agents that mimic a disease causing organism to stimulate the immune system

Answer 56

vaccines

Question 57

Viruses have very few ___ ___ mechanisms, thus they are affected by the __ ___ of __ __ ___. This makes it harder for the immune system to ___ the proteins that vaccines that primed it for

Answer 57

proof reading, random mutation, viral surface proteins, recognize

Question 58

Small minor changes in the viral antigens due to mutations, changing how effectively they can infect the same host species

Answer 58

antigenic drift

Question 59

When two viruses infecting the same host at the same time mixes genes, causing large outbreaks and pandemics (ex. H2N1)

Answer 59

antigenic shift

Question 60

infectious misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to mis fold

Answer 60

prions

Question 61

Prions _____ and prevent normal tissue function, resulting in ___. Prions are able self replicate without going through a __ or ____ intermediate. They are responsible for certain ____ diseases in animals like -_ ___ disease

Answer 61

aggregate, disease, RNA, DNA, neurodegenerative, mad cow

Question 62

simple molecules of single stranded RNA that infect plants

Answer 62

viroids

Question 63

prions are characterized by ___ ___ __ of up to 10+ years, and thus are ___ ___. They are also very resistant to ___, as they are not killed off at standard ___ __. This can result in __ __

Answer 63

long incubation periods, slowly-progressing infections, deactivation, cooking temperatures, human transmission

Question 64

Kingdom protista is part of the domain ___. Most protists are ____, but some are multicellular. They can be both both __ and _____. Protists can have ____ relationships or be ____. All types live in ___ environments

Answer 64

eukarya, unicellular, auto, heterotrophs, symbiotic, free-living, moist

Question 65

Plant like protists are ___ ___ _____. Thus they have ____. However, they do not have ___, __ and -__ like plants. They are critical __ __ in food webs.

Answer 65

aquatic photosynthetic autotrophs, chloroplasts, leaves, root, stems, primary producers

Question 66

___ are an example of plant like protists. They are ____ with two ____. They cause __ ___, or an algal bloom, where there is an influx of ___ in the sea floor, increasing the rate of ___ of these dinoflagellates. These protists release ____ that kill off other species. They can be ____ because they can undergo photosynthesis, but they are ___ when they are inside another organism

Answer 66

dinoflagellates, unicellular, flagella, red tides, nutrients, reproduction, toxins, autotrophic, heterotrophic, parasitic

Question 67

Another plant like protist is the ___. They are unicellular plant like protists with ___ that ___ together. Some are ____, while others are heterotrophic and feed via __ and ____. They live primarily in ___ environments and are covered in a ____ rather than a cell wall. These are __ __ beneath the cell membrane that give it rigidity

Answer 67

euglenoids, flagella, clump, autotrophic, phagocytosis, diffusion, fresh, pellicle, protein strips

Question 68

Another plant like protist is a ____, which are a type of algae. They are ___, ____ and ___ together. They live in both __ and ___ environments and can be classified based on shape such as _____ and ___

Answer 68

diatoms, unicellular, photosynthetic, clump, fresh, marine, pennate, centric

Question 69

algae is an ___ taxonomic group that live in ___ environments. They can be uni or ___. They are ____, containing ___ pigments. However they do not contain __ ____ like leaves, roots and stems

Answer 69

informal, aquatic, multcellular, photosyntehtic, chlorophyll, plant tissues

Question 70

Brown algae are not ____. They are large, ___ organisms that are all ___ and live in ___ environments. Examples include ___ and ___

Answer 70

protists, macroscopic, multicellular, marine, seaweed, kelp

Question 71

____ is a phyla of plant like protists, and are also referred to as ____ algae. They can be both __ and ___.

Answer 71

chlorophyta, green, unicellular, multicellular

Question 72

___ is the other phyla of plant like protists, and are referred to as ___ __. They are ___ have __ pigments and no ____

Answer 72

rhodophyta, red algae, multicellular, red, flagella

Question 73

Fungus like protists are also referred to as ___ ___ or __ __. Contrary to their name, they do not have ___ unlike the kingdom fungi, however, they reproduce by ____. They are heterotrophic ___ that live off of dead decaying ____ matter

Answer 73

slime molds, water molds, chitin, spores, decomposers, organic

Question 74

Animal like protists is often called _____. They are all _______, are very ___, having ___ or flagella, and ____, feeding by ______ on algae, ___ and ____.

Answer 74

protozoa, single-celled, mobile, cilia, heterotrophic, phagocytosis, fungi, bacteria

Question 75

an animal like protist that produces a test (shell) and is found on the sea bottom or near the surface

Answer 75

foraminifera

Question 76

sea bottom

Answer 76

benthic

Question 77

a protozoa that is a unicellular ciliate and uses cilia to move

Answer 77

paramecium

Question 78

protozoa that move by utilizing their cytoplasm

Answer 78

amoeboid

Question 79

protozoa that are parasites of animals

Answer 79

apicomplexans

Question 80

an animal like protist that causes malaria

Answer 80

plasmodium

Question 81

The kingdom fungi are composed of ___, ___ and ___. They can be unicellular or ___, or multicellular / ____. They all have ___, are all ___, and are all ____. They also contain ___

Answer 81

mushrooms, mold, yeasts, non-filamentous, filamentous, chitin, heterotrophic, saprophytes, hypha

Question 82

Unicellular or non filamentous fungi are ___ ___ and are ____. They reproduce ___ by _____, where they replicate genetic material and ___ off a portion of the cytoplasm and cell membrane to form a new cell

Answer 82

facultatively anaerobic, yeasts, asexually, budding, pinch

Question 83

filamentous or multicellular fungi are ____. They reproduce ____, and are ___. They have ____ which are composed of a network of ___ (roots) that connect the fungi together, and produce ____ to absorb nutrients in the soil. ___ arise from this structure

Answer 83

molds, sexually, aerobic, mycelium, hyphae, enzymes, mushrooms

Question 84

mycelium type where there is no division of hyphae (no cytokinesis during cell division) resulting in a multinucleated cell

Answer 84

coenocytic hyphae

Question 85

Mycelium type that have septa or porous cell walls that separate the hyphae

Answer 85

septate hyphae

Question 86

specialized hyphae that penetrate cell walls of an organism (parasitic)

Answer 86

haustoria

Question 87

Filamentous fungi can under asexual reproduction through ____ which disperse through wind and water, ___ and ____ where hyphae are broken off and undergo _____ to produce another mycellium. all asexual reproduction is ___

Answer 87

spores, budding, fragmentation, germination haploid

Question 88

Filamentous fungi can also undergo sexual reproduction for __ ___. They can use ___, when hyphae of two different fungi grow towards each other and fuse their ___ together. Then ____ occurs when their nuclei fuse to make a __ organisim. Then this organism will under ___ to produce ___ spores that grow into new organisms

Answer 88

genetic variation, plasmogamy, cytoplasm, karyogamy, diploid, meiosis, haploid

Question 89

Anything with the ___ or ____ suffixes are considered fungi

Answer 89

mycota, mycete

Question 90

___ are mutualistic relationship of fungi and algae. The algae provides ___ via ___, while the fungi provides ___

Answer 90

lichens, sugar, photosynthesis, protection

Question 91

mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of plants

Answer 91

mycorrhiza

Question 92

Kingdom plantae are all ___, ___ and ____, containing chlorophyll. They all contain _____ in their cell walls, and can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. They also under ___ __ ___. Around ___% of plants have mutualistic relationships with bacteria or ___.

Answer 92

multicellular, autotrophic, photosynthetic, cellulose, alternation of generations, 90, fungi

Question 93

When generations are alternating to be haploid and diploid

Answer 93

alteration of generations

Question 94

Alternation of generations starts with a ___ or a diploid, which undergoes ___ to produce spores. These spores undergo ____ to produce haploid ____. These will produce ___ that fuse with other gametes to produce a diploid ____. This undergoes ____ to start at the beginning again. Plants can be identified by how much ___ they spend in a haploid or diploid state

Answer 94

sporophyte, meiosis, mitosis, gametophytes, gametes, zygote, mitosis, time

Question 95

If the plant has no body differentiation, it is known as a ___. They are the ___ form of a plant. It has no ____ ___ __ and lives in ___ environments. It includes ____

Answer 95

thallophytes, simplest, formal vascular system, aquatic, algae

Question 96

If the plant does have a plant body but no vascular system, it is a ___. This means they do not grow _____, and they have ___ that absorb water. They are found in both__ and aquatic habitats and encompass ___, ____ and ____. They are mostly in the _____ stage

Answer 96

bryophytes, vertically, rhizoids, land, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, gametophyte

Question 97

If a plant has a differentiated cell body and a vascular system it is a ____. These can grow _____ and have a ___ the transports minerals and water from the ____, and a ___ the transports the food produced from photosynthesis. It is mostly in the ___ stage

Answer 97

tracheophytes, vertically, xylem. roots, phloem, sporophyte

Question 98

Tracheophytes that do not produce seeds are called ___ __ and include ___, ___ and __ ___ Tracheophytes that do produce seeds are called ___ ____

Answer 98

seedless tracheophytes, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, seed-bearing tracheophytes

Question 99

If a plant does not produce flowers. it is known as a ____. These bear ___ seeds, and do not have ___. They are mostly found in the ____ stage. An example is ___

Answer 99

gymnosperms, naked, fruit, sporophyte, conifers

Question 100

If a plant does produce flowers, it is known as a ____, and they bear seeds inside ___. They are around ___% of all plants. The flowers house their reproductive organs like the __ and the ___. Angiosperms can undergo _____ , meaning one sperm with fertilize an egg, and one sperm will fertilize a __ __ to create an ___. Angiosperms can be divided into ___ and ___

Answer 100

angiosperms, flowers, 90, pistol, stamen, double-fertilization, polar nuclei, endosperm, monocots, diocots

Question 101

nutrient storage tissue during embryonic development of a plant

Answer 101

cotyledon

Question 102

Monocots have ___ cotyledon and have ____ veins. Their vascular system is ___ and they have flower parts in multiples of ___

Answer 102

one, parallel, scattered, 3

Question 103

Diocots have __ cotyledons and ___ veins. They have a ___ vascular system and flower parts in multiples of __ or ___

Answer 103

two, net-like, ringed, 4, 5