Embryology

Question 1

An egg after it has been ovulated

Answer 1

ovum

Question 2

An egg inside the ovary prior to ovulation

Answer 2

oocyte

Question 3

On an ovum, there is a ________ ____, a layer that forms before ovulation, when the egg is still an oocyte, and its a protective layer made up ___ ___ / __ _____, which help care for the egg.

Answer 3

corona radiata, granulosa cells, follicular cells

Question 4

The ___ ___ is the next layer in the ovum also called the __ ___ in non mammals, and is a thick translucent matrix of ____, which gives the layer its ____ ___ This layer contains __ ___ proteins like ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4. ___ is the protein that allows for ___ ___ ___

Answer 4

zona pellucida, vitelline membrane, glycoproteins, jelly-like coating, sperm binding, ZP3, same species fertilization

Question 5

The space between the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane

Answer 5

perivitelline space

Question 6

The nucleus of an ovum is ____ and contains ____.

Answer 6

haploid, organelles

Question 7

The sperm head contains an organelle called the ____, which is derived from the __ ___. This organelle contains __ __ that are essential dissolving the protective layers of an egg and fertilizing it. The head also contains a __ __

Answer 7

acrosome, golgi apparatus, hydrolytic enzymes, haploid nucleus

Question 8

The mid piece of a sperm is full of ___ that surround __ __ in the cytoplasm that help move the tail

Answer 8

mitochondria, axial filaments

Question 9

the tail of a sperm is an ___ ___ surrounded by a cytoplasm and then the ___ ___

Answer 9

axial filament, plasma membrane

Question 10

When sperm are deposited inside the female reproductive tract, _____ occurs, specifically when the sperm enters the ___ and ___ __. This is the last required step for sperm to be ____ enough for fertilization.

Answer 10

capacitation, uterus, fallopian tubes, mature

Question 11

The vaginal walls are extremely ____, with a pH of ____. This is detrimental for sperm, but not for __ __, which contains sperm, ____, ___ , ___, etc., which is very alkaline, with a pH of _____. Still, most of the sperm will die there.

Answer 11

acidic, 4.4, seminal fluid, enzymes, prostaglandins, fructose, 7-8.

Question 12

The _____ ____ is added to each spermatozoa in the _____ of the male reproductive system. It protects the sperm.

Answer 12

glycoprotein coat, epididymus

Question 13

In capacitation, once the sperm make it through the ___, the enzymes released from the ___ will digest the glycoprotein coat. Then ____ of the apical plasma membrane on the head will occur, making it easier for the sperm to release ___ _ that are needed to digest the barriers needed to fertilize the egg. Then the sperm will become ____, becoming extremely motile

Answer 13

cervix, uterus, destabilization, acrosomal enzymes, hyperactivated

Question 14

When a sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid organism

Answer 14

fertilization

Question 15

fertilization usually occurs in the __ __. Only ____ sperm make it to the egg there. The begin to swim through the ___ __, and onto the zona pellucida. __ ___ occurs when sperm are able to bind to __ ____ ____ there.this signifies that the two sperm and egg are the same ___. ZP3 binding triggers the release of the ___ enzyme ____ to break through the ZP

Answer 15

uterine tube, 300, corona radiata, mutual recognition, sperm binding receptors, species , proteolytic, acrosin,

Question 16

The ___ of the sperm head will then fuse with the ovum of the plasma membrane. When this occurs, __ of the sperm enters into the egg and fuses with its nucleus. All the rest of the sperm is destroyed, including its ____. This is why mitochondria only have ___ DNA. This is when we get a __-

Answer 16

equator, nucleus, mitochondria, maternal, zygote

Question 17

Fertilization allows the egg to undergo and complete __ __. This produces a __ __ from uneven ____ division. These structure are just discharged through the membrane as they are not ___

Answer 17

meiosis II, polar body, cytoplasm, viable

Question 18

Fertilization also restores the _____ chromosome number. ___ ____ causes genetic variation through sexual selection

Answer 18

diploid, allele recombination

Question 19

Fertilization also determines ____, through the chromosome that the _____ carries

Answer 19

sex, sperm

Question 20

when multiple sperm fusing with the ovum

Answer 20

polyspermy

Question 21

When the sperm fuses with the plasma membrane, __ ___ along the membrane open and depolarizes the membrane from ___ to ___. This prevents other sperm in the __ ____ from binding to the plasma membrane, but it only lasts for minutes, which is why is it called the __ __

Answer 21

sodium channels, -70, 20, vitalline membrane, fast block

Question 22

In the slow block, __ __ from the ___ _ are released in to the cytoplasm of the egg and this causes the __ ___. This is when the ___ ___ are released and fused with the egg’s plasma membrane in a process called _____

Answer 22

calcium ions, endoplasmic reticulum, cortical reaction, cortical granuoles, extocytosis

Question 23

When the cortical granules release their contents in the ___ __, It causes the area to __ and ___ itself from the plasma membrane. this is called the _ ___ or ____ ___.

Answer 23

pervitalline space, swell detach, fertilization envelope, fertilization membrane

Question 24

cortical granuoles also inactivate the ____ ___, which prevent any remaining sperm from binding to them

Answer 24

zp receptors

Question 25

rapid cell division without cell growth

Answer 25

cleavage

Question 26

cells that result as a result of cleavage from a fertilized ovum

Answer 26

blastomeres

Question 27

The indentation on the surface of the cell when it begins to divide

Answer 27

cleavage furrow

Question 28

cleavage type where the furrow separates the cell completely into two equal blastomeres

Answer 28

holoblastic cleavage

Question 29

cleavage type where the cell undergoes incomplete, uneven cleavage that results in different size blastomeres

Answer 29

meroblastic cleavage

Question 30

The amount of _____ determines the type of cleavage the cell will undergo. ___ ___ do not have lots of it, and because of this, they undergo _____ cleavage. ___ and _____ contain lot of __ and __ yolk, which makes it harder for the cleavage furrow to pass through the cell. Thus they will undergo ____ cleavage

Answer 30

yolk, placental mammals, holoblastic, birds, reptiles, dense, thick, meroblastic

Question 31

____ is what happens when a cell has decided what cell it is going to be in the future. ____ comes after and is when a ___ ___ can be seen due to the cell expressing the certain genes it decided upon.

Answer 31

determination, differentiation, physical change

Question 32

When the resulting blastomeres are not yet decided

Answer 32

indeterminant cleavage

Question 32

When a cell divides into two blastomeres that have already decided what cell they are going to be

Answer 32

determinant cleavage

Question 33

In indeterminant cleavage, one cell can express all the __ __ to make a __ __. In determinant cleavage, one cell would only give rise to a specific ___ ___

Answer 33

required genes, complete organism, tissue type

Question 34

The part of the egg that has more yolk and is slow at dividing

Answer 34

vegetal pole

Question 35

the part of the egg where the embryo grows, has little yolk and it very active in cleaving

Answer 35

animal pole

Question 36

The axis that divides the animal and vegetal pole

Answer 36

polar axis

Question 37

Cleavage where the cleavage furrow is directly perpendicular or parallel to the polar axis, resulting in very organized structure

Answer 37

radial cleavage

Question 38

____ is when there is no pattern of alignment with the polar cleavage, giving a ____ appearance, and unequal blastromeres called ___ and ____

Answer 38

spiral, disorganized, micromeres, macromeres

Question 39

All protostomes will undergo ___, ___ cleavage, while all deuterostomes will undergo ___, __ cleavage

Answer 39

determinant, spiral, indeterminant, radial

Question 40

All fertilized zygotes will go through multiple rounds of cleavage to form ____ blastomeres, as it travels down the ___ for implantation in the uterus. The occurs in the __ __ which prevents improper implantation. It also acts as an __ ___ against the mother's immune's system.

Answer 40

32, oviduct, zona pellucida, immunological barrier

Question 41

A solid ball of cells, 16-32 blastomeres

Answer 41

morula

Question 42

When the morula becomes a blastula / blastocyst (human)

Answer 42

blastulation

Question 43

a hollow, fluid filled ball of cells

Answer 43

blastula / blastocyst

Question 44

The hollow cavity in the blastula

Answer 44

blastocoel

Question 45

When the blastula becomes a gastrula, this is called ____. This when the cells surrounding the blastocoel ______ and push inward. The opening that forms is the ___, and either becomes the mouth or anus, depending on whether it is a ___ or ____ respectively

Answer 45

gastulation, invaginate, blastopore, protostome, deuterostome

Question 46

The gastrula continues to invaginate until it cuts down the middle, forming the ____. This will connect the mouth to the anus and thus is a primitive __ ___

Answer 46

archenteron, digestive system

Question 47

one of the three cell types that forms from gastrulation; most primitive form of a cell line

Answer 47

germ layers

Question 48

animals that have all 3 germ layers

Answer 48

tripleblastic

Question 49

animals that only have an ectoderm and endoderm

Answer 49

diploblastic

Question 50

In mammals, once at the blastocyst stage, the cells differentiate into the exterior ________ cells, and the inner __ ___ or ____

Answer 50

trophoblast, mass cells, embryoblast

Question 51

The embryo implants into the uterus via a process called __ __, in which the embryo breaks free of the ___ ___, exposing the ___ layer

Answer 51

zona hatching, zona pellucida, trophoblast

Question 52

the trophoblast develops into the placenta (___), and is responsible for ___ in the __ of the uterus. These cells also produce ___ ___ ___ which signals the corpus leuteum to continue producing ___ and ___ to maintain the endometrium.

Answer 52

chorion, implantation, endometrium, human chorionic gondaotropin, estrogen, progesterone

Question 53

The inner cell mass gives rise to the __, __, __ __ and __. It is composed of two flat layers of cells, the top is called the ___, and the bottom is the ___. Together they are called the __ ___. The top layer forms a cavity called the ___, which is filled with ___ ___ and provides __ for the developing embryo. After gastrulation, it becomes a ___ _-

Answer 53

embryo, amnion, yolk sac, allantois, epiblast, hypoblast, bilaminar disk, amnion, amniotic fluid, cushioning, trilaminar disk

Question 54

Gastrulation in mammals begins when the ____ layer thickens and forms the __ __, which as two bumps with a __ ___ in he middle. Both extend from the __ to the __ of the embryo. Then undifferentiated, migratory cells called ____, will push into the __ ___ and create the third germ layer. The top layer is now the ___, the middle layer the ___, and the bottom layer the ___

Answer 54

epiblast, primitive streak, primitive groove, head, tail, mesenchyme, primitive groove, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 55

Frog eggs are ___ and deposited in water. They also have a ___ and ___ pole. They undergo ______ cleavage resulting in uneven poles

Answer 55

large, animal, vegetal, holoblastic

Question 56

In frogs, sperm always fuse with the ____ pole in the water. This causes the __ to rotate and create the __ __, which is exactly opposite to the side the sperm enters. The grey colour is due to the mixing of the __ and __ poles and it determines the __ __ of the frog. The position and pattern will be maintained even during ___

Answer 56

animal, cytoplasm, gray crescent, animal, vegetal, future pattern, cleavage

Question 57

A research named __ __ showed that separating the cells that formed from early cleavages could grow into normal frogs only if the cells contained a portion of the _ ___

Answer 57

Hans Speaman, grey crescent

Question 58

The frog embryo will undergo ___, ___ like normal. Then, the cells where the grey crescent is, begin to invaginate through the __ ____of the __. This forms the opening into the ___. This will in turn, eventually displace the ___. The dorsal lip and the __ ____ eventually meet to form a circle

Answer 58

cleavage, blastulation, dorsal lip, blastopore, archenteron, blastocoel, ventral lip

Question 59

The __ ____ grows into the blastopore and is formed from ___ cells. It is exposed on the ___ surface of the embyro. It acts as a plug between the ___ and ____, and is eventually internalized by the overlying ___

Answer 59

yolk plug, endoderm, vegetal, archenteron, blastocoel, ectoderm

Question 60

Sea urchins are the __ __ __ and undergo ____ cleavage. Their blastula invaginates to form a ___ blastopore, and _____. This will produce ___ germ layers during gastruation

Answer 60

primary model species, holoblastic, circular, archenteron, 3

Question 61

In birds, or egg laying animals, development happens in a large ___ ___. The egg has a large _ ___ bigger than the embryo. They undergo __ __, and have so much yolk that their embryo is squished into a __. The ____ anchors the yolk inside the egg. The ___ which is the egg white, surrounds the yolk and embryo and acts as a cushion

Answer 61

protective egg, yolk sac, meroblastic cleavage, blastodisc, chlaza, albumen

Question 62

Birds also have a __ ___ or __ __ where cells migrate through to create the germ layers, just like humans. In contrast ___ and ___ ___ have a circular blastopore

Answer 62

primitive streak elongated blastopore, frogs, sea urchins

Question 63

include birds, reptiles and mammals

Answer 63

anmiotes

Question 64

includes amphibians and fish

Answer 64

anamniotes

Question 65

The ___ or the outer membrane of the embryo is responsible for the exchange of __ and ___. In egg laying animals. Due to this, they are located right next to the __ __ and have ____

Answer 65

chorion, CO2, O2, egg shell, pores

Question 66

The chorion in mammals, which is derived from the ____, will implant into the _______, and fuses with __ ____ to form the placenta. The placenta is responsible for __ __, __ and ___

Answer 66

trophoblast, endometrium, maternal tissues, gas exchange, nutrients, waste

Question 67

The ____ or wastebasket in egg laying animals, stores all the byproducts pf metabolism like __ __. This is because they do not have a ___ to send wastes back to the mother. Eventually, it fuses with the _____ to assist in gas exchange

Answer 67

allantois, uric acid, placenta, chorion

Question 68

The allantois in mammals transports waste from the embryo to the ____ and later gives rise to the __ __ , which connects the embryo to the placenta

Answer 68

placenta, umbilical cord

Question 69

In egg laying animals, the __ __ is where all the embryo receives all its __ and ___

Answer 69

yolk sac, food, nutrients

Question 70

In placental mammals the yolk sac is ___ because the mother is providing all the food and nutrients. However, the yolk sac aids in early __ __ __ _____

Answer 70

empty, red blood cell formation

Question 71

The amnion in both placental and egg laying animals are filled with ___ that act as a ___ __. For animals evolved to live on land, their eggs needed the same protection that they had when the eggs were laid in ___. Thus this structure is a result of ___

Answer 71

fluid, shock, water, evolution

Question 72

The ____ is formed during organogenesis from the ____

Answer 72

notochord, mesoderm

Question 73

a cell influencing the development of a neighbouring cell

Answer 73

inductions

Question 74

In neurulation, the notochord stimulates the overlying ___ to ___, which creates the ___ ___. The neural plate begins to swell and ______, forming a __ __. Eventually, the neural folds meet and pinch off, forming the hollow __ _, which will give rise to the __ and __ __

Answer 74

ectoderm, thicken, neural plate, fold, neural groove, neural tube, brain, spinal cord

Question 75

An embryo that has undergone neurulation

Answer 75

neurula

Question 76

In a process called____, cells next to the neural groove separate and differentiate, which as called __ __ cells. They come from the __-

Answer 76

delamination, neural crest cells, ectoderm

Question 77

The ectoderm gives rise to the ____, including the hair, ___, ___ glands and ___ glands. It also gives rise to the ___ __ and the ___ ____

Answer 77

epidermis, nails, sweat, mammary, nervous system, adrenal medulla

Question 78

The ectoderm also gives rise to the neural crest, and this gives rise to the bones, muscles and ___ __ of the ___, the ___, and _____, and the sensory neurons and ___ cells of the ____.

Answer 78

connective tissues, skull, melanocytes, odontoblasts, glial, PNS

Question 79

Cells that produce dentin for the teeth

Answer 79

odontoblasts

Question 80

The endotherm gives rise to the __ __ which creates the ___ tract, ___ tract, and ___ tract. It also gives rise to the ___ system

Answer 80

epithelial lining, G.I., respiratory, urinary, excretory

Question 81

The endoderm also gives rise to the ___, __ and ___. As well as the __ and parts of the __-

Answer 81

liver, lungs, pancreas, thyroid, thymus

Question 82

The mesoderm gives rise to all the ____ except the facial bones, the ___, ___ and ___, as well as connective tissues, the ____ system, the ___ system, the kidneys and ___, the ___ ___, and the ___ organs

Answer 82

bones, cartilage, joints, muscles, circulatory system, lymphatic, spleen, adrenal cortex, urogenital

Question 83

A family of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo; ensure the correct placement of structures

Answer 83

hox genes

Question 84

Animals are that are ___ like ____ are the result of hox genes

Answer 84

segmented, flies