Plants

Question 1

The dominant generation in plants is the ___ __ generation expect in primitive ____. A diploid organism provides two copies of DNA that protects plants against ___ ___ that they were more susceptible to once out of the ____

Answer 1

diploid sporophyte, bryophytes, genetic damage, water

Question 2

A waxy covering that reduces dessiccation

Answer 2

cuticle

Question 3

Having a __ __ reduces the plant’s dependency on water, meaning the cells no longer need to be close to it. This led to the formation of specialized ___, like ___, ___ and ____. The __ and ___ are two groups of vascular tissues

Answer 3

vascular system, tissues, leaves, stems, roots, xylem, phloem

Question 4

Primitive plant divisions use ___ ___ which requires water to swim to eggs. In advanced plant divisions such as the__ and ___, the sperm is packaged as __ and dispersed with ___.

Answer 4

flagellated sperm, coniferophyta, antophyta, pollen, wind

Question 5

A division of plants also known as angiosperms; have their gametophytes enclosed and protected inside an ovary

Answer 5

anthophyta

Question 6

In coniferophyta and anythophyta they. express ___ ___ in response to the availability of water and ___. Some are __ meaning they shed their leaves to prevent water loss through slow growing seasons. Others like desert plants, will ___, __, ___ and produce seeds rapidly in brief periods of ___

Answer 6

seasonal variation, light, deciduous, germinate, grow, flower, rain

Question 7

In bryophytes, the ____ is the male gametangium which produces ____ sperm that swim through water. The ___ is the female gametangium which produces ___.

Answer 7

antheridium, flagellated, archegonium, eggs

Question 8

Bryophytes lack true roots, leaves and stems, and thus they must remain ___ or __ water. These plants are anchored to the substrate by ___ rather than roots. ___ and some fungi form these as well

Answer 8

near, in, rhizoids, algae

Question 9

Ferns produce clusters of ____ the structure in which spores are produced, called ___ that develop on the undersurface of fern ___.

Answer 9

sporangia, sori, fronds,

Question 10

Horsetails have hollow, __ and jointed ____. The ____ bear spores. The plants also have a rough texture due to ___

Answer 10

ribbed, stems, strobili, silica

Question 11

Whisk ferns are plants that have branching ___ without ___. The leaves are reduced to small ___ or are absent, and the absence of roots and leaves is considered ___ ____ which means they were lost as whisk ferns diverged from their ancestors

Answer 11

stems, roots, appendages, secondary loss

Question 12

Microsporangia produce numerous ____ ___ ___ which divide by ____ to produce 4 haploid cells, or ____. These then mature into ____ ____ which are immature male gametophytes with a ___ covering. The grains further divide into _____ or ____ cells. One of the cells is a ___ / ___ cell that controls the growth of the pollen tube, while the other cells are ___ cells.

Answer 12

microspore mother cells, meiosis, microspores, pollen grains, hard, 3, 4, vegetative, tube, sperm

Question 13

the nucleus produces the ___ ___ ___. After undergoing meiosis, 4 haploid cells are created but only one survives to become the ____. This undergoes mitosis to produce the __ __. There is ___ egg in flowering plants and ___. eggs in conifers. One or two tissue layers called ____. surround the megasporangium. The ____ is the opening within the integuments for pollen to access the egg

Answer 13

megaspore mother cell, megaspore, embryo sac, 1, 2, integuments, micropyle

Question 14

Once the pollen grain contacts the megasporangium, the ___ ___ of the sperm directs the growth of the pollen tube through the ___ and towards the egg. __ and the creation of a zygote occurs which becomes an ___. This is the beginning of the ___ generation. The integuments become the ___ ____.

Answer 14

tube cell, micropyle, fertilization, embryo, sporophyte, seed coat

Question 15

Coniferophyta have _____ ___ cones and ____ __ cones. The seeds produced in ___ megaspores are near the ___ of the reproductive structure. Fertilization and seed develop require _____ years.

Answer 15

pollen-bearing male, ovule-bearing female, unprotected, surface, 1-3

Question 16

An angiosperm flower has the ___ which is the female reproductive structure. It has the ____, ____ and ___. The ovary encloses one or more ovules with. a ____ egg nucleus. The ___ is the male reproductive structure that has a pollen-bearing ___, __ and ___. The anther is the chamber where the pollen ____. The petals and sometimes the ____ function to attract pollinators. In angiosperms, the ___ encloses and protects the flower bud.

Answer 16

pistil, ovary, style, stigma, monopoloid, stamen, anther, stalk, filament, develops, sepals, sepals

Question 17

Angiosperms can attract pollinators such as ___ and ___. The ___ is protected inside an ovary which develops into __ following fertilization. The __ are then dispersed by wind or by other animals.

Answer 17

insects, birds, ovule, fruit, seeds

Question 18

In angiosperms, the pollen lands on the sticky ____. The pollen tube that contains the __ ___ grows down the style of the ovule and there are two ___ __ inside the pollen tube.

Answer 18

stigma, vegetative nucleus, sperm cells

Question 19

The ovule within the ovary consists of.a ____ ___ __ surrounded by the nuclleus, and _____. The megaspore mother cell undergoes __ to form 4 haploid megaspores. One of those megaspores survive and undergoes mitosis ___ times to create ___ nuclei. Six of those nuclei undergo _____ and form plasma membranes. At the ___ end of the embyro sac are 3 cells consisting of an ___ and two synergids. At the other end of the micropyle are 3 _____ cells. In the middle are _____ ____ which are two haploid cells.

Answer 19

megaspore mother cell, integuments, meiosis, 3, 8 cytokinesis, micropyl, egg, antipodal, polar nuclei

Question 20

The pollen tube then enters the __ __ through the micropyle. One sperm cell fertilizes the ___ and forms the diploid zygote. The nucleus of the second sperm cell fuses with both __ __ to create a ___ nucleus and ____, which provides nutrients. ___ ___ is the fertilization of the egg and polar nuclei each by a separate sperm cell and is unique to angiosperms

Answer 20

embryo sac, egg, polar nuclei, triploid, endosperm, double fertilization

Question 21

resistant bodies that contain DNA and small amounts of cytoplasm

Answer 21

endospores

Question 22

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and contain an accessory pigment called ___. Some have specialized cells called ___ that produce _____ enzymes that convert N2 to ___ that can be used to make __ __ and nucleotides. Cyanobacteria are the ___ known fossils and can rapidly ___ in aquatic environments, turning the water green or _____.

Answer 22

phycobilins, heterocysts, nitrogen-fixing, NH3, amino acids, oldest, grow, blue-green

Question 23

Coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion and have an internal flagella between cell wall layers

Answer 23

spirochetes

Question 24

Cilliates use __ for moving and other functions. They have specialized structures like ___, ___ and ___ ___ as well as two kinds of ____. They are the most _____ of all cells and an example is the paramecium

Answer 24

cilia, mouths, pores, contractile vacoules, nuclei, complex

Question 25

Cellular slime molds have _____ and ___ characteristics. The spores germinate into ___ which feed on ___. When no food is available, amoebas aggregate into single unit ___. The individual cells of the slug mobilize into a ___ with a ___ at the top to release ____ which germinate and repeat the cycle. Their stimulus for aggregation is ___ ____ which is secreted by the amoebas that first experience ____ ____.

Answer 25

fungus-like, protozoa-like, amoebas, bacteria, slug, stalk, capsule, spores, cAMP secretion, food deprivation

Question 26

Plasmodial slime molds grow as a single, spreading mass known as a ____, that feeds on ___ ___. When there is no food or ___ occurs, stalks bearing spore capsules form and ____ spores are release from the capsule to germinate into haploid ____/____ cells. These cells fuse to form ___ cells and grow into plasmodium but are not ___ with others.

Answer 26

plasmodium, decaying vegetation, dessiccation, haploid, amoeboid, flagellated, diploid, mutualistic

Question 27

Oomycota are water molds, mildews, and __ __. They are either __ or ____. They form ___ which secrete enzymes that digest surrounding substances like fungi do. The hyphae are ______ and the cell walls are made of ___

Answer 27

white rusts, parasites, saprobes, hyphae, coenocytic, cellulose

Question 28

fungi that do not have a sexual phase

Answer 28

imperfect fungi

Question 29

spores that are produced in sac-like capsules called sporangia that are borne on a stalk called a sporangiophore

Answer 29

sporangiospores

Question 30

a type of sexual spore formed at the tups of specialized hyphae and are not enclosed inside sacs

Answer 30

conidia

Question 31

zygomycota are fungi that lack ___ except the filaments bordering ___ filaments. They can reproduce ___ by fusion of hyphae from different strains followed by ____, karyogamy and meiosis. They usually reproduce asexually via ___.

Answer 31

septa, reproductive, sexually, plasmogamy, sporangia

Question 32

Glomermycota fungi lack ___ and do not reproduce sexually. They form ___ associations with roots of ____, and this is called a ___. In this relationship, plants provide ___ and the fungus increases the ability of the plant to absorb nutrients, especially ___

Answer 32

septa, mutualistic, plants, mycorrhiza, carbohydrates, phosphorus

Question 33

Ascomycota fungi have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ____ which are held in a sac called an ___. This sac is located within an ____, a cup-shaped fruiting body.

Answer 33

ascospores, ascuc, ascocarps

Question 34

Basidiomycota fungi have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ____. The fruiting body they create is called the __ or ___. They can also reproduce asexually via ____.

Answer 34

basidiospores, basidiocarp, mushrooms, conidia

Question 35

Deuteromycota are ___ fungi because they have no known sexual reproductive cycle. ____ produces penicillin which is an ___ that disrupts bacteria's ability to synthesize its ___ ___

Answer 35

imperfect, penicillium, antibiotic, cell wall

Question 36

Rhizopus is a fungal ___ that is involved with food ___. It is an ___ ___ because it depends on its host for survival. Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as black ___ __ and is also a type of zygomycota

Answer 36

pathogen, spoilage, obilgate parasite, bread mold

Question 37

A fungi involved in infections of mucous membranes

Answer 37

candida

Question 38

A type of yeast involved in fermenting sugars to alcohol

Answer 38

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 39

a form of asexual reproduction in plants leading to genetically identical offspring

Answer 39

vegetative propagation

Question 40

___ ___ provide structural support to the plant and thus make up most of the plant's ____. The ____ is the most common type. They have ___ cell walls and their function is ___, __ and ____. _____ cells in leaves are examples. ___ have thick but flexible cell walls and serve ___ support functions. ___ have even thicker walls and provide mechanical support by producing ___ which is a strengthening polymer

Answer 40

ground tissues, mass, parenchyma, thin, storage, photosynthesis, secretion, mesophyll, collenchyma, mechanical, sclerenchyma, lignin

Question 41

Dermal tissues includes the ___ cells that cover the outside of plant parts. ___ cells are a type of these cells that surround ____, hair cells, ___ cells and ___ cells. In aerial portions of plants the epidermal cells secrete a waxy substance that forms the ___. Roots do not have this because it would prevent the them from absorbing ___.

Answer 41

epidermis, guard, stomata, stinging, glandular, cuticle, water

Question 42

The seed consists of the __, the __ __ and some kind of storage material in the form of ____. In many monocots, this is the primary storage tissue and cotyledons function to transfer ___ from the endosperm to the embryo.

Answer 42

embryo, seed coat, endosperm, nutrients

Question 43

The embryo consists of the ____ which is the top portion and becomes the shoot tip, the ____ which are young leaves often attached to the ____ and located underneath it, the ____ located at the bottom region of the young shoot and attached to the cotyledons, the ___ which develop from below the hypocotyls and become the ___, and the ____ which is a sheath in monocots that surrounds and protects the ___. In developing young plants they appear first then the true leaves from the ____ break through it.

Answer 43

epicotyl, plumule, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicles, roots, coleoptiles, epicotyl,, plumule

Question 44

Germination begins with _____ or the absorption of water. ____ are then activated to start biochemical processes and ____ begins. The absorbed water causes the seed to ___ and for the seed coat to ___. The growing tips of the radicle produce ____ that anchor the seedling. The ___ elongates and the young shoot is formed.

Answer 44

imbibition, enzymes, respiration, swell, crack, roots, hypocotyl

Question 45

In young seedlings and plants, grow occurs at the tups of roots and shoots called ___ ___. ____ cells are areas of actively dividing, ___ cells and this causes growth. Growth at the apical meristems is called ___ __ and it produces primary tissues like primary ___ and _____ elongation. Apical growth also causes ____ growth. Most plants including ___ just have this type of growth. ____ meristems can be found on the sides of. plants which causes growth in ___ and ____.

Answer 45

apical meristems, meristematic, mitotic, primary growth, xylem, phloem, vertical, monocots, lateral, width, thickness

Question 46

The root cap or the ___ protects the __ ___ behind it. It secretes ___ that moisten the soil, permitting root growth. The zone of __ ___ is formed from the dividing cells of the apical meristem and it right above it. The zone of ____ is where newly formed cells from the zone of cell division absorb water and elongate. This zone is responsible for our ___ of growth. The zone of ___ is where the cells differentiate and mature into the ___, ____, ____, or ___ cells. Root __ may growth here. This type of growth is similar for ___ ___ growth, except there is no root cap present

Answer 46

tip, apical meristem, polysaccharides, cell division, elongation, perception, maturation, xylem, phloem, parenchyma, epidermal, hair, shoot tip

Question 47

___. and __ ___ undergo secondary growth in addition to primary growth which increases ___, and is the origin of woody plant tissues. Secondary growth occurs at the two lateral meristems, the __ ___, which are the secondary xylem and phloem, and the __ ___ which gives rise to the ___, the protective material that lines the outside of woody plants.

Answer 47

conifers, woody dicots, girth, vascular cambium, cork cambium, periderm

Question 48

From the outside of the root structure to the inside is the _____, the ____ which makes up the bulk of the root and stores ___ and contains __ ___ to provide aeration for cells for respiration, the ____, a ring of tightly packed cells at the innermost portion of the cortex, and the __ ____ or ___ which is made up of vascular tissue and the pericycle. The outer part of the stele consists of one or several layers of cells called ____, from which lateral roots arise. Inside the pericycle are __ ___

Answer 48

epidermis, cortex, starch, intracellular spaces, endodermis, vascular cylinder, stele, pericycle, vascular tissues

Question 49

The __ __ is a band of fatty material called ____ the impregnates the endodermal cell walls to form an encircling band. It creates a ______ barrier between cells. Since all water passing through the endodermis must pass through the ____ of endodermal cells and not the cell walls, this strip forces the movement of water into the ____ of the root and prevents water from moving back out to the cortex.

Answer 49

casparian strip, suberin, water-impregnable, cytoplasm, center

Question 50

In dicots, the xylem cells fill the ___ of the vascular cylinder and the phloem is arranged so that the xylem forms an ___ shape. In monocots. groups of xylem and phloem ____ in a ___ with the ___ in the middle

Answer 50

center, X, alternate, ring, pith

Question 51

Root hairs function in __ __ with the soil

Answer 51

mineral exchange

Question 52

underground stems that can sprout to form new shoots

Answer 52

rhizomes

Question 53

Generally stems lack an ____ and __ ___. They include an epidermis containing cells covered with a waxy, ____ ___ which forms a protective layer called the ____, the cortex which can contain ____ is the ground tissue, and the ____ ___consisting of the xylem, phloem and pith.

Answer 53

endodermis, casparian strips, fatty cutin, cuticle, chloroplasts, vascular cylinder

Question 54

The __ __ is located between the primary xylem and the primary phloem, and is a ___ of tissue that extends the width of the ___ and root. This is _____ and causes ____ growth.

Answer 54

vascular cambium, cylinder, stem, meristematic, secondary

Question 55

Wood is formed from mature or ____ ____ tissues. Only the more recent secondary xylem produced from the __ ___ remains active. Older xylem located at the ___ functions only as support. This older xylem is also known as ___ which is dead wood. ___ ___ are created from the continuous growth of the secondary xylem. The size of the rings indicates the ___ history while the number of rings indicates the __ of the tree

Answer 55

dead xylem, vascular cambium, center, heartwood, rainfall, age

Question 56

The leaf is composed of the epidermis which is covered with a _____ which reduces transpiration. It may also bear ____ such as hair, scales, glands or outgrowths. Leaves also contain the __ ___ a layer of parenchyma cells with chloroplasts and large __ ___. These are specialized for ___ and are oriented and packed at the __ ___ of the leaf. Plants in ____ habitats can have palisade mesophyll layers on both surfaces.

Answer 56

cuticle, trichomes, palisade mesophyll, surface areas, photosynthesis, upper surface, dry

Question 57

The leaves also contain the __ ____ a layer of loosely arranged parenchyma cells. Numerous intracellular spaces provide __ ___ for CO2 to reach photosynthesizing cells and for oxygen to reach ____ cells.

Answer 57

spongy mesophyll, air chambers, respiring

Question 58

Guard cells in leaves are specialized ___ cells that control the opening and closing of ____, and therefore __ ___

Answer 58

epidermal, stomata, gas exchange

Question 59

Vascular bundles in leaves consist of _____ and ____. __ ___ cells surround it so this tissue is not exposed to intercellular space. This also prevents __ __ from entering which would impede the movement of water. Vascular bundles provide an __ environment for carbon dioxide fixation in ___ plants

Answer 59

xylem, phloem, bundle sheath, air bubbles, anaerobic, C4

Question 60

Pathway of water movement where water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces from one cell to another without ever entering the cells

Answer 60

apoplastic pathway

Question 61

Form of water movement where water moves through the cytoplasm of one cell to another though plasmodesmata

Answer 61

symplastic pathway

Question 62

small tubes that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Answer 62

plasmodesmata

Question 63

Once water reaches the endodermis it can only enter into the ___ by the ___ pathway due to ___ ___. Once the water moves through the endodermis the ___ pathway takes over to reach the ___, which is the major conduction pathway via tracheids and vessels

Answer 63

stele, symplastic, casparian strips, apoplastic, xylem

Question 64

when a water molecule is lost from a leaf by transpiration and it pulls up an entire column of water molecules

Answer 64

bulk flow

Question 65

The major contributor of water movement is due to ______. ___ effect and ___ ___ are too small to have a major effect. The other movements are due to ___ and ____.

Answer 65

cohesion-tension, capillary, root pressure, transpiration, cohesion

Question 66

___ temperatures will cause the stoma to close. If there is low ___ inside the plant, the stoma will open to allow for photosynthesis. Stoma can also close at __ and open during the __. Somata also open in response to __ ___. Stomta opening is caused by the diffusion of ___ ions into guard cells

Answer 66

high, CO2, night, day, blue light, potassium

Question 67

The movement of carbohydrates through the phloem from a source to sink

Answer 67

translocation

Question 68

A plant hormone that promotes plant growth and elongation of cells by increasing the proton concentration in primary cell walls

Answer 68

auxin (IAA-indolacetic acid)

Question 69

A group of hormones that promotes cell growth (flower and stem elongation) as well as fruit development, inhibition of leaf aging, and seed germination

Answer 69

gibberellins

Question 70

Plant hormones that stimulate cytokinesis and influences the direction of organogenesis

Answer 70

cytokinins

Question 71

Hormone that promotes the ripening of fruit, production of flowers, and influences leaf abscission and apoptosis; causes the triple response for plants to grow around objects

Answer 71

ethylene

Question 72

hormone that is a growth inhibiter

Answer 72

abscisic acid

Question 73

When a plant grows towards or away from a light source

Answer 73

phototropism

Question 74

Plant's response to gravity by the stems and roots

Answer 74

gravitropism/geotropism

Question 75

A plant's response to touch

Answer 75

thigmotropism

Question 76

A response in plants to changes in photoperiod

Answer 76

photoperiodism

Question 77

Proteins modified with light-absorbing chromophores needed for photoperiodism

Answer 77

phytochromes

Question 78

Plants that flower in the spring and early summer when daylight is increasing

Answer 78

long-day plants

Question 79

Plants that flower in late summer and early fall when daylight is decreasing

Answer 79

short day plants

Question 80

Plants that do not flower in response to daylight changes but due to temperature or water instead

Answer 80

day-neutral plants

Question 81

The phytochromes ___ and _____ convert between each other and no sunlight will result in the accumulation of ___

Answer 81

Pr, Pfr, Pr

Question 82

Hormone that is produced in leaves once flowering is initiated and travels to shoot tips

Answer 82

florigen

Question 83

Red light also stimulates __ ____ can measure the quality of light through __ to ___ ratio

Answer 83

seed germination, red, far red