cellular respiration

Question 1

describe anabolism

Answer 1

building smaller compounds into larger compounds

Question 2

describe catabolism

Answer 2

metabolic, breaking down larger compounds like complex carbs to simple carbs eg. starch into glucose and breaking down glucose to CO2. as we do that we release energy.

Question 3

describe glucose catabolism through glycolysis

Answer 3

glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require the presence of oxygen WILL OCCUR WITH OR WITHOUT OXYGEN - considered anaerobic reaction. It produces 4 ATP molecules. - it relies on some ATP that’s already in the body to kickstart the process. there’s 10 reactions to produce two pyruvate molecules from 1 glucose molecule. pyruvate has three carbons so since glucose has 6, series of reactions turn it into this. as you oxidise glucose, the electrons are picked up by NAD and reduced to NADH. the NADH will then go to the mitochondria for the electron transport chain.

Question 4

explain the Krebs cycle

Answer 4

occurs in the mitochondria and reliant in the present of oxygen (aerobic). one Acetyl CoA (you can only have one participating in the kerbs cycle at any given time). there’s 2 here and so 2 of everything. it will react with a larger molecule and oxidise. as it does, you release 2 carbon dioxide molecules and get 3 NADH molecules and 1 FADH. you also have 1 ATP molecule for every acetyl CoA. its about reducing electron carriers to they can shuffle the electrons they are carrying and move it to the electron transport chain.

Question 5

explain the electron transport chain

Answer 5

occurs in the mitochondria and reliant in the present of oxygen (aerobic). the electrons from the Krebs cycle go here. the protein membranes are in the inner membrane. NADH will give its protein to the first protein complex and FADH releases its electron to second protein complex. while they do this, they release energy high is used by electrons to move through the protein complex and changes the conformation of the protein complex, it allows protons to be pumped from the matrix against its gradient to the intemrmebrance space.

Question 6

explain the intermediate reaction in the process of glycolysis

Answer 6

occurs in the mitochondria and reliant in the present of oxygen (aerobic). the pyruvate that is made from the cytoplasm, it goes to a protein transporter in the matrix of mitochondria. remember there is 2 here. pyruvate is oxidised into smaller molecules known as Acetyl CoA (2 carbon) the remaining is Co2 (one carbon). you Also get a bit or reduction of NAD to NADH.it will then go into the krebs cycle

Question 7

describe the process involved in ATP production under anaerobic conditions

Question 8

why is lactic acid fermentation important in regenrating NAD plus for glycolysis

Question 9

where is the energy we break down stored and what does it get released as

Answer 9

chemical bonds. 60% released as heat and 40% is temporarily stored in energy carriers - ATP, NADH and NADPH.

Question 10

what can we use energy carriers as

Answer 10

fuel other reactions to build smaller molecules to larger molecules eg. creating amino acids into peptides to form proteins or turning glucose into glycogen

Question 11

what is cellular respiration

Answer 11

oxidation or converting glucose to CO2.

Question 12

how does cellular respiration occur

Answer 12

during cellular respiration, you are also capturing energy that gets released from brewing down glucose and its stored in ATP

Question 13

explain ATP as energy carriers

Answer 13

it has three phosphate groups and it has A LOT of energy in the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups. breaking this down can help us build hormones lipids, etc. this is now ADP. you can combine them again to form ATP.

Question 13

can we store ATP

Answer 13

no. there is small amount that we can store. we can generate ATP in the presence or absence of oxygen but it is easier to use oxygen (aerobic and anaerobic.

Question 14

how many carbon molecules are in glucose

Answer 14

there are 6 carbons

Question 15

what is oxidation process

Answer 15

breakdown of glucose to CO2. because glucose has hydrogen, and so when its oxidise it turns to carbon dioxide

Question 16

what is oxidation reactions

Answer 16

molecules lose electrons and you also lose hydrogen.

Question 17

what is oxidation

Answer 17

lose of electrons and therefore loss of electrons

Question 18

what is reduction reaction

Answer 18

molecules gain electrons and hydrogen. oxygen has no hydrogen so it is reduced to water because water has hydrogen

Question 18

why do we have overall reaction

Answer 18

there’s a lot of energy stored and using al of it will cause the cell to explode.

Question 19

what happened in every step of cellular respiration

Answer 19

carbon compounds are oxidised and release electrons - temporary storage of energy and are captured in energy carriers.

Question 20

explain which energy carriers are in reduced or oxidised form

Answer 20

NADH: reduced form (has hydrogen)- important. involved in biological reactions. carrying electrons and good electron donator
NAD plus: (oxidised form) not carrying electrons and good electron acceptor
FADH (reduced forms) carrying electrons and good electron donator
FAD (oxidised form)

Question 21

what is part of the mitochondria

Answer 21

has double membrane (outer and inner) the inner has curves which increases inner surface area and you can put more proteins in for the electron transport chain and therefore more opportunities for reaction and ATP.
matrix: has protons, ADP, free phosphates
intermembrane: between outer and inner. very tight.

Question 22

what happens if you don’t have enough NADH in the process of glycolysis reaction

Answer 22

the reaction will slow down.

Question 23

what is in the matrix

Answer 23

protons, free phosphates, hydroxides and ADP

Question 24

in the electron transport chain, what is the result of the increased hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space compared to the matrix

Answer 24

there is a difference in concentration gradient. this difference means there's potential energy accumulated in the intermmebrane space that is used by ATP synthase- synthesises ATP- provides an environment for hydrogen ons to go from the intracellular space to the matrix.

Question 25

what happens when hydrogen ions go into the ATP synthase

Answer 25

you use the potential energy to combine ADP and phosphate into ATP.

Question 26

what happens to the electrons

Answer 26

when electrons go into the protein complex, they get donated from one protein to another until its accepted by oxygen- as electro negative it reacts to electrons and you get reduced oxygen

Question 27

how does protein complexes get reduced and oxidised

Answer 27

it gets oxidised when it release the electrons and reduced when it accepts the electrons- means it changes conformation and therefore allows protons to move against their concentration gradient

Question 28

why is ATP synthase considered efficient

Answer 28

its efficient because for every glucose, you only form 4 ATP from glycolysis and electro chain has 28- 34 molecules per glucose that's oxidised- variable because there's some tissues that have membranes int he mitochondria that allows for proton making.