lecture 2 organisation and complexity

Question 1

what is cell theory

Answer 1

1. cells are the basic unit of life
2. all organisms are made of cells
3. all cells come from pre existing cells

Question 2

prokaryote vs eukaryotes

Answer 2

prokaryote, no nucleus, cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic organelle and have one single circular chromosome
eukaryotes have a nucleus, cytoskeleton, organelles and have multiple linear chromosomes

Question 3

nucleus

Answer 3

where DNA is stored, this is where transcription and ribosome biogenesis occurs

Question 4

ribosome

Answer 4

made of proteins and RNA. it travels to the Rough ER to share its DNA information that its copied.

Question 5

Rough ER

Answer 5

attached to the nucleus, has ribosomes attached to it. involved in protein folding, quality control and dispatch of proteins

Question 6

Smooth ER

Answer 6

where lipids and steroid hormones are produced.

Question 7

Golgi complex

Answer 7

sorts proteins and hormones from the ER. vesicles are transported or moved around and deliver to organelles.

Question 8

mitochondria

Answer 8

powerhouse and makes ATP. it does this though oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

lysosomes

Answer 9

waste disposal. has low PH to destroy unwanted materials

Question 10

cytoskeleton

Answer 10

provide structure and support. it has filaments and tubules to help form the structure

Question 11

role of DNA

Answer 11

the DNA provides all the information that allows replication, growth, differentiation of the cell. we have about 20 000 genes in our genome

Question 12

proteome

Answer 12

every cell has specific proteins which is what created the different functions of the cell.

Question 13

fluids in the body and importance of regulating it

Answer 13

we are made up of 60% water and tho thirds of this is intracellular (inside cells). it needs t one regulated to maintain homeostasis. we control them through process that involve large surface area to volume ratios eg. microvilli.

Question 14

protein synthesis

Answer 14

genes (portions of DNA) code for proteins. They are involved in transport, structure, protecting the body, acting as enzymes. This is split into to process:

Transcription.
RNA polymerase connects RNA bases to the DNA. This forms MRNA which is then edited by insertion, deleting or substitution. This MRNA that has copied DNA information then travels to the ribosome- make protein made of RRNA. This starts translation process.
TRNAs are attached to amino acids. They will attach to the MRNA by finding their complimentary bases in codons and anticodons. They will then let go of their amino acids, These are held by peptide bonds. After there is a stop codon, indicating the end of the amino acid chain, thus the protein.

Question 15

DNA vs RNA

Answer 15

DNA and RNA is in all eukaryotic cells. They are both nucleic acids (biomolecule). They both have monomer (building block) called nucleotides. They both have phosphate, sugar and a base. DNA is double stranded and runs antiparallel. Meanwhile, RNA is single stranded. They differ in their sugars with DNA being deoxyribose and RNA being ribose. The bases for DNA are Thymine, adenine, guanine and cytosine. In RNA thymine is replaced by uracil. RNA assists in the protein synthesis process.