circulatory system

Question 1

explain the circulatory system

Answer 1

circulatory fluids are completely separated from the rest of the body. it consists of vessels and pumps and the heart has a double circulatory system

Question 2

name the different types of blood vessels

Answer 2

arteries, arterioles, venules, capillaries and veins.

Question 3

explain the properties of the blood vessel types

Answer 3

they all have endothelium layer to non-thrombogenic surface for the blood to flow through and act as a barrier for diffusion or even immune cells .veins and arteries also have elastic and fibrous tissue as well as smooth muscle. arteriole has smooth muscle- react to different stimulus to expand or restrict and venue has fibrous tissue.

Question 4

what are the components of the artery

Answer 4

artery has endothelium cells, elastic and fibrous tissue and smooth muscle- maintain blood pressure.

Question 5

what are the components of capillaries

Answer 5

endothelial cells for movement of blood cells

Question 6

why are the components of venues and what are they for

Answer 6

endothelium and fibrous tissue to carry blood back to the heart

Question 7

explain the component of veins

Answer 7

beings have everything but less smooth muscle than arteries

Question 8

explain the heart system

Answer 8

left side is red and oxygenated while right is deoxygenated. it is separated by the septum

Question 9

explain where blood is

Answer 9

its in a fluid matrix known as plasma- a connective tissue made up of cellular elements. it makes up 1.4 of the extra cellular fluid

Question 10

what are the components of blood

Answer 10

92% water
7% protein - albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
1% dissolved organic molecules - amino acids and proteins, glucose, lipids and nitrogenous wastes

Question 11

what is fibrinogen for

Answer 11

clotting response

Question 11

what are in the cellular element

Answer 11

red blood cells cells, white blood cells, platelets

Question 12

how are red blood cells formed

Answer 12

this process is called erythropoiesis and controlled by the glycoprotein called erthyroproietin and is made in the kidneys. the trigger release is hypoxia.

Question 12

explain blood doping

Answer 12

increase erthyroproietin and therefor increase red blood cells. this improves the body’s ability to transport O2 to the tissues/ muscles.

Question 13

wah

Answer 13

increase friction as blood flows and lead to spontaneous thrombosis and can lead to stroke.

Question 14

what are the two sets of valve that allow for unidirectional manner.

Answer 14

we have the tricuspid/atrial ventricular between the right atrium and right ventricle and the biscuspid valve from the left atrium and the left ventricle. you also have the semilunar valve for pulmonary artery and aorta. this is the pulmonic and aortic valve.

Question 15

how does the heart contract

Answer 15

we have specialised cells in the SA node that can depolarise and generate signal- pacemaker/ autoryhtmic. this spreads rapidly to the heart and causes the contraction of the heart. the signal will go to the AV node to the bundle of HIS which is embedded into the septum, it will reach the purkinje fibres

Question 16

explain the mechanical events of the heart

Answer 16

at the beginning of cycle, the pressure in the heart is almost zero,, but as signals travel form the SA node to AV node, we have contractions of atriums, blood is now forced in ventricles, the valves that separate the atrium and ventricles close. this is indicated by S1. you hear a pub sound that is from the blood heat the walls of valves- leak in the blood means that you hear whooshing sound. your ventricles are full, they will contract and overcome the pressure gradient between pulmonary artery and aorta before blood starts to flow through there these valves will then close to make the other sound -dub. the walls of the left ventricle because it needs to go to the systemic circulation.

Question 16

explain the difference between diastole and systole

Answer 16

diastole: heart muscles are relaxing
systole: heart muscles are contracting

Question 17

explain the alteration that happen in the heart rate

Answer 17

each contraction leaves a 65ml blood in the heart

Question 17

explain what stroke volume is

Answer 17

the amount of blood that is ejected every contraction

Question 18

explain what cardiac output is

Answer 18

changes to stroke volume correlates t alteration in heart rate and therefore alterations in the performance of the heart.

Question 19

how is the heart rate altered

Answer 19

by the autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 20

how does the blood flow.

Answer 20

in the arteries, we have the elastic layer that can absorb initial pressure of the heart. the arteries expand upon systole and during diastole, the arteries contracts again and pushes the blood in the arterioles and areas with less pressure

Question 21

why can't blood go back

Answer 21

it is blocked by the aortic blood

Question 22

how does blood Flow around the body

Answer 22

from high to low pressure. -aorta- arteries- arterioles- capillaries- venules- veins and venal cavae.

Question 23

why is blood pressed decrease the more it moves away from the heart

Answer 23

friction. the cells roll off of the endothelium

Question 24

whats the normal blood pressure and what does this mean

Answer 24

120/80mmHg. systolic is first and 80 is diastolic

Question 25

explain postural hypotension

Answer 25

where blood is not returned to the heart to maintain sufficient blood pressure. blood flow in the limbs back to the heart is aided by the leg muscles and valve like structure in the valve and prevent blood flow. standing basically causes the blood to flow to the feet and not move back, we faint to rectify this issue.

Question 26

explain capillary transport

Answer 26

exchange of proteins, nutrients and gases. it occurs in three ways 1.movment between endothelium- diffusion 2. transcytosis: packages of microvesicles to travel across the epithelium cells to the other side 3. bulk flow: pores around capillary bends to allow mass flow through those pores. its through osmotic pressure or fenestrated pores in the kidney.

Question 27

explain the lymphatic system

Answer 27

during capillary exchange, we lose a lot of fluid. the lymphatic system recirculate the blood back to the venous circulation to minimise blood volume loss. its also fat reabsoptrion from the gut into circulation and destroy foreign pathogens.