11Bio - Abrar > Cellular Structure & Function > Flashcards

Cellular Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
  2. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
  3. All living things are made from one or more cells or from products of cells.
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2
Q

Organelles

A

Specialised, subunit structures within a cell that perform a specific function

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cell structures

A

Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Mesosome
Single circular chromosome
Plasmid
70s ribosomes

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid part of the cell where some chemical reactions occur

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5
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides structure and support for the cell

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6
Q

Mesosome

A

Site of aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotes

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7
Q

Theory of endosymbiosis

A

An ancestral prokaryote engulfed a smaller prokaryote forming a eukaryote

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8
Q

Organelles support theory of endosymbiosis

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

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9
Q

Evidence support theory of endosymbiosis

A

Double membrane
Bacterial ribosomal RNA
Own DNA genome

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10
Q

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A
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11
Q

Eukaryotic animal cell structures

A

Nucleus
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicle
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Lysosome
80s ribosome

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

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13
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration equation

A

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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14
Q

Plant cell structures

A

Nucleus
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicle
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
80s ribosome
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Permanent vacuole

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15
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen
(chlorophyll, sunlight, excess water)

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17
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Stores cell sap

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18
Q

Plant vs animal cells

A
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19
Q

Biomacromolecules

A

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

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20
Q

Two nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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21
Q

Polymer

A

Polymers are large molecules made of many repeating subunits (called monomers)

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22
Q

Nucleic acid monomer

A

Nucleotide

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23
Q

Nucleotide

A
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24
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine / uracil

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25
DNA vs RNA
DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose DNA = thymine, RNA = uracil DNA = double stranded, RNA = single stranded
26
Condensation reaction
Chemical elimination of water
27
Bond holding sugar phosphate backbone between two nucleotides together
Phosphodiester
28
Bonds holding two strands of DNA together
hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
29
Antiparallel
DNA strands are antiparallel this means that one runs in a 5’ to 3’ direction while the other runs in a 3’ to 5’ direction.
30
Components of sugar phosphate backbone
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose / ribose) and phosphate group
31
Function DNA
To code for proteins
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Prokaryotic DNA structure
Single circular chromosome, plasmids
33
Eukaryotic DNA structure
Multiple linear chromosomes
34
Prokaryotic DNA location
Cytosol
35
Eukaryotic DNA location
Nucleus
36
Types of RNA
mRNA tRNA rRNA gRNA / sgRNA
37
Genes
short sections of DNA that code for a particular protein
38
Genome
All the genetic information (DNA) in an individual or cell
39
Transcription enzyme
RNA polymerase
40
RNA polymerase attachment point
Promoter region
41
Transcription
Transcription this means that DNA unwinds and RNA Polymerase attaches to the promotor region for the _______ gene. DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase. pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl G cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA. mRNA for ___ leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome
42
RNA processing
pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl G cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
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Introns
regions that do not code for the protein
44
Exons
regions that do code for the protein
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5' methyl G cap function
Protect the mRNA from enzyme degradation (enzymes breaking down the molecule). Helps the ribosome to bind to the mRNA to begin the translation.
46
5' methyl G cap
modified guanine molecule which is added to the 5’ end of the mRNA
47
3' poly A tail
A tail of many adenine added to the 3’ end of the mRNA
48
3' poly A tail function
Protects mRNA from enzyme degradation (prevents enzymes breaking it down). It also makes the molecule more stable as well as allowing the mRNA to leave the nucleus.
49
Alternative splicing
When the exons are spliced back together, they can be joined in different arrangements producing multiple proteins from the same gene
50
Protein monomer
Amino acid
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Amino acid
52
Nucleic acid elements
CHONP
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Protein elements
CHON(S) S is only if the amino acids have sulphur in the residual group
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Primary structure bonds
Peptide
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Dipeptide
Two amino acids joined together
56
Polypeptide / primary structure of a protein
Sequence of amino acids
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Secondary structure protein
The primary structure folded into alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets.
58
Secondary structure protein bonds
Hydrogen
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Tertiary structure protein
The 3D structure composed of folded secondary structures.
60
Tertiary structure protein bonds
hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds.
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Quaternary structure protein
Two or more polypeptide chains joined together
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Quaternary structure protein examples
RNA polymerase Rubisco Antibodies Insulin
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Proteome
all the proteins produced in an organism/cell at a given time.
64
rRNA function
structural component of a ribosome
65
tRNA function
Brings correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome
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tRNA structure
single stranded RNA folded into clover shape
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mRNA function
Carries the code for the protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
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Codon
set of three bases/nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid
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Anticodon
set of three bases/nucleotides on tRNA that is specific and complimentary to an mRNA codon
70
Translation
Ribosomes read the mRNA code for _____. tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome. tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons. Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a ______ polypeptide is formed.
71
Stop codon
Do not code for an amino acid, they signal the end of translation
72
Degenerate
Multiple codons code for the same amino acid.
73
Gene expression
Transcription + translation
74
Gene expression in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Prokaryotes have transcription + translation happening at the same time in the cytosol whereas in eukaryotes transcription occurs first in the nucleus followed by translation at the ribosome
75
Nucleus function
Gene for _____ is transcribed into mRNA
76
Ribosome function
mRNA for ______ is translated into a polypeptide
77
Rough endoplasmic reticulum function
Folds ____ polypeptide into protein and puts them into transport vesicles
78
Transport vesicle function
Transports ___ protein from rough ER to golgi apparatus
79
Golgi apparatus function
Final modification and packaging of ___ proteins into secretory vesicles
80
Secretory vesicle function
Fuses with plasma membrane and secretes ____ protein out of the cell by exocytosis.
81
Mitochondria function in protein production
Site of aerobic cellular respiration which makes energy / ATP for protein production
82
Limitations of models
Over simplified New discoveries made may not fit current model One model cannot account for all different processes (e.g., protein synthesis in prokaryotes)
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Solutions for model limitations
Have several models Add detailed descriptions with models Conduct more research / use more advanced technology to create models Change / refine models based on new findings
84
Universal
same codons/triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things. e.g. TAC will code for Met in all living things.
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