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Integrative Physiology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cannons Postulates (4)

A
  1. Nervous regulation of internal environment
  2. Tonic control
  3. Antagonistic control
  4. One chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues
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2
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

All nerves connecting to the CNS, cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

Gray matter

A

Unmyelinated nerve cells

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5
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons, few cell bodies

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6
Q

Cranium

A

Bony skull that encases the brain

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7
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bone where spinal cord runs through

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8
Q

Meninges

A

Membrane between bone and tissues

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9
Q

Types of meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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10
Q

Purpose of meninges

A

Cushion and protect delicate neural tissue

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11
Q

Order the layers of the meninges from inside to outside

A

Pia mater (most inner) –> arachnoid mater –> dura mater (most external)

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12
Q

Spinal nerve roots

A

Dorsal and ventral

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13
Q

Dorsal spinal nerve root

A

Sensory

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14
Q

Ventral spinal nerve root

A

Motor

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15
Q

Dorsal root gray horn

A

Process sensory information

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16
Q

Ventral root gray horn

A

Send out motor information

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17
Q

Ascending vs. descending tracts

A

Ascending= carry signals to brain
Descending= carry signals from brain

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18
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Initiates a response without input from the brain (ex. pulling hand away from something hot)

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19
Q

Spinal cord serves as an….

A

Integrating center

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20
Q

SEQ process of reflexes

A

Sensory receptor produces a sensory potential in response to stimulus –> sensory neuron conducts action potentials –> processed by brain or spinal cord gray matter –> action potential from integrating center travels to motor neuron –> effector (reflex)

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21
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protects the brain from harmful substances, HIGHLY selective permeability –> mediated by astrocyte foot processes and tight junctions

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22
Q

Astrocyte foot processes

A

Secrete paracrines that promote tight junction formation

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23
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevent solute movement between endothelial cells –> keep blood-brain barrier highly selective

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24
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid

A

Clear and colorless, protects brain from chemical and physical injury, circulates through various openings in the brain and subarachnoid space

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25
What produces the cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus
26
Choroid plexus
At the center of the brain, produces cerebrospinal fluid
27
Subarachnoid space
Provides a layer of cushioning for the brain
28
Metabolic requirements of the brain
Oxygen, glucose
29
Brain is responsible for what percentage of glucose consumption?
50%
30
What passes freely across blood-brain barrier?
Oxygen, brain requires high oxygen
31
What percentage of oxygenated blood pumped by heart does brain recieve?
15%
32
Frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex, motor association area, responsible for skeletal muscle movement
33
Parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex, sensory association area
34
Occipital lobe
Visual association area, visual cortex
35
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex, auditory association area
36
Olfactory cortex
Smell
37
Gustatory cortex
Taste
38
Brain association areas
Integrate information from sensory and motor areas, direct voluntary behaviors
39
Brain sensory areas
Sensory input translated into perception
40
Brain motor areas
Direct skeletal movement
41
Diencephalon
Inner brain: hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, pituitaries (anterior, posterior) --> centers for homeostasis
42
Hypothalamus
Activates sympathetic nervous system, maintains body temperature, controls osmolarity, reproductive functions, food intake, influence behavior and emotions, influences cardiovascular control center, secretes trophic hormones that control release of hormones from AP
43
Motivation state
Internal signals that shape voluntary behaviors, states of drive, autonomic and endocrine responses
44
Behavioral state
Modulates sensory and cognitive processes, modulates motor output
45
Diffuse modulatory systems
Group of neurons that influence attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, metabolic homeostasis --> originate in the reticular formation
46
4 diffuse modulatory systems
Noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic
47
What system of the brain creates emotion?
Limbic system
48
Phineas Gage incident
Damage to frontal lobe, had change in personality, rational decision making
49
Symptoms of frontal lobe damage
Memory deficits, loss of spontaneous behavior, apathy, impaired attention, depression, elevated mood, impulsivity --> may have normal IQ
50
4 major steps of sensation
1. stimulation of sensory receptor 2. Transduction of stimulus 3. Generation of action potentials 4. Integration of sensory input
51
Types of sensory receptors
Encapsulated nerve endings, free nerve endings, separate cells (neurotransmitters required)
52
Receptive fields
Receive sensory input, attached to a sensory neuron or group of sensory neurons --> can be large or small, depending on location, can overlap
53
Properties of stimuli
Nature (modality, ie. touch, smell, hearing, etc.), location, intensity, duration
54
Overlapping receptive fields
One receptive field may generate more action potentials than another, depending on where the sensation occurs in the overlap
55
Two-point descrimintation
Size of receptive field determines whether or not points can be discriminated --> more, smaller fields= more ability to discriminate sensations
56
Visceral reflexes
Spinal cord reflex, usually do not reach conscious perception --> integrated in brainstem or spinal cord
57
Perceptual threshold
Level of stimulus necessary to be aware of particular sensation
58
Modality of stimulus
Where sensory neurons are activated, specific receptor types
59
Labeled line coding
1:1 association of a receptor with a sensation
60
Population coding
Multiple receptors working together to send more information to CNS than can be provided by one receptor
61
Lateral inhibition
Increases contrast between activated receptive fields and inactive neighbors --> determination of very fine stimulus
62
What is the one exception to location stimulus rule?
Auditory, ears are only sensitive to frequency, no receptive fields --> use this information to determine location (easier to percieve)
63
Intensity of stimulus
Number of receptors activated, frequency of action potentials
64
Duration
Coded by duration of action potentials, some receptors can adapt/cease to respond
65
Phasic receptors
Fast receptors
66
Tonic receptors
Slow receptors
67
Somatic senses
Touch, proprioception, temperature, nociception
68
Nociception
Pain, itch
69
Merkel receptors
Sense steady pressure and texture
70
Meissner's corpsucle
Response to flutter and stroking movements
71
Ruffini corpuscle
Response to skin stretch
72
Pacinian corpuscle
Senses vibrations
73
Hair root sensation
Free nerve endings wrapped around follicles that sense hair movement
74
Temperature receptors
Free nerve endings, termination in subcutaneous layer
75
Warm temperature receptors
Active above body temperature, also activated with pain receptors --> painful heat (burning)
76
Cold receptors
Active below body temperature
77
Nociceptors
Respond to strong noxious stimului (chemical, mechanical, thermal) that may damage tissue, modulated by local chemicals (substance P)
78
Substance P
Secreted by primary sensory neurons when tissue is injured, stimulate pain --> cause of inflammatory pain
79
Two nociceptor pathways
Reflexive protective, ascending pathway to cerebral cortext
80
Reflexive protective pathway of nociception
Withdrawal reflex, integrated in spinal cord (ex. touching hot stove)
81
Ascending pathway to cerebral cortex pathway of nociception
Pain/itch becomes conscious sensation
82
Classes of somatosensory nerve fibers
Aβ, Aδ, C
83
Aβ nerve fibers
Large, myelinated --> mechanical stimuli
84
Aδ nerve fibers
Small, myelinated --> cold, fast pain, mechanical stimuli
85
C nerve fibers
Small, unmyelinated --> slow pain, heat, cold, mechanical stimuli, ITCH
86
Rank nerve fibers from slowest to fastest
C, Aδ, Aβ
87
Itch
C fibers activated by histamines
88
Pain
Subjective perception, fast and sharp (delta fibers), or slow and dull (C fibers)
89
Gate control theory of pain
Pain fibers are blocked by interneurons until a painful stimulus is detected --> interneuron block removed and integration center is signaled
90
Referred pain
Convergence of somatic and visceral first-order neurons on the same second-order neuron, interpretation by the brain as pain coming from somewhere else
91
Chemoreception
Smell and taste
92
Olfaction
Detection of scents by olfactory epithelium (cells in the nose), odorants bind to odorant receptors
93
Odorant receptors
G-protein-cAMP linked membrane receptors
94
Light receptor cells
Photoreceptors
95
Optic chasm
Where the optic nerves cross
96
Vestibular apparatus
Provides information about movements and position in space

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

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