Hemodynamics

Question 1

What exchanges materials with cells?

Answer 1

Capillaries

Question 2

Composition of arteries

Answer 2

Endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle (primarily), fibrous tissue

Question 3

Composition of arterioles

Answer 3

Endothelium, smooth muscle (primarily)

Question 4

Composition of capillaries

Answer 4

Endothelium only

Question 5

Composition of venules

Answer 5

Endothelium and fibrous tissue

Question 6

Composition of veins

Answer 6

Endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue

Question 7

Difference between veins and arteries

Answer 7

Arteries contain thicker layers of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Question 8

Why do capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic tissue?

Answer 8

To allow for exchange with cells

Question 9

Metarterioles

Answer 9

regulate flow into a capillary bed

Question 10

Arteriovenous bypass

Answer 10

Connection between an artery and a vein (component of a capillary bed)

Question 11

Angiogenesis

Answer 11

Development of new blood vessels, involved in wound healing, uterine lining growth, controlled by cytokines

Question 12

Where is blood pressure highest?

Answer 12

Arteries

Question 13

Blood pressure decreases as…

Answer 13

it continuously flows through circulatory system

Question 14

MAP

Answer 14

Mean arterial pressure

Question 15

MAP=

Answer 15

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure); proportional to cardiac output x resistance

Question 16

Pulse pressure=

Answer 16

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 17

Factors influencing arteriolar resistance

Answer 17

Local control, sympathetic reflexes, hormones

Question 18

Myogenic autoregulation

Answer 18

Ability of an artery to control its own state of contraction

Question 19

Active hyperemia

Answer 19

Increased tissue metabolism, vasodilators released, arterioles dilate, lower resistance, increase blood flow, O2 and nutrient supply to tissue increases (as long as tissue demands)

Question 20

Hyperemia

Answer 20

Increase in blood flow, increase in metabolic activity

Question 21

Reactive hyperemia

Answer 21

Decreased tissue blood flow due to occlusion, vasodilators released, arterioles dilate, occlusion removed, decreased resistance increases flow, arterioles constrict as vasodilators wash away

Question 22

Tonic control of arterioles

Answer 22

Duration of signal from neuron to arteriole changes diameter; decreased signal rate increases diameter, increased signal rate decreases diameter

Question 23

Precapillary sphincters

Answer 23

Can constrict and prevent blood from traveling across capillary bed from artery to vein

Question 24

Continuous capillaries

Answer 24

Capillaries with leaky junctions

Question 25

Fenestrated capillaries

Answer 25

Capillaries with large pores

Question 26

Transfer of large proteins and solutes through capillaries

Answer 26

Transcytosis

Question 27

Absorption

Answer 27

Fluid movement into capillaries (net absorption at venous end)

Question 28

Filtration

Answer 28

Fluid movement out of capillaries (net filtration at arterial end)

Question 29

Fluid exchange at a capillary is regulated by

Answer 29

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Question 30

Relationship between lymphatic system and capillaries

Answer 30

Return fluids and proteins to circulatory system, filtering pathogens

Question 31

Baroreceptors

Answer 31

Monitor blood pressure

Question 32

Proprioceptors

Answer 32

Monitor joint movements

Question 33

Chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 33

Detection of blood gas and H+ levels, communicates to respiratory center to adjust breathing rates, adjusts MAP

Question 34

RAA system

Answer 34

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increases blood pressure

Question 35

Effect of epi and norepi on BP

Answer 35

increase

Question 36

Effect of antidiuretic hormone on BP

Answer 36

increase

Question 37

Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on BP

Answer 37

decrease

Question 38

Blood composition

Answer 38

Plasma + cellular elements

Question 39

Plasma composition

Answer 39

Water, ions, organic molecules, trace elements/vitamins, gases (CO2, O2)

Question 40

Cellular elements of blood

Answer 40

RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 41

White blood cells

Answer 41

Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 42

Lymphocytes

Answer 42

Immunocytes

Question 43

Monocytes

Answer 43

develop into macrophages (phagocytes)

Question 44

Neutrophils

Answer 44

Phagocytes, granulocytes

Question 45

Eosinophils

Answer 45

Granulocytes

Question 46

Basophils

Answer 46

Mast cells

Question 47

Erythropoietin

Answer 47

Influences growth or differentiation of RBC

Question 48

Thrombopoietin

Answer 48

Influences growth or differentiation of megakaryocytes (platelets)

Question 49

Hematocrit

Answer 49

ratio of RBC to plasma

Question 50

Shape of RBC

Answer 50

Biconcave disk

Question 51

Lifespan of RBC

Answer 51

120 days

Question 52

What happens when an RBC is destroyed?

Answer 52

Some components are recycled (amino acids, some iron, remnants of heme groups converted to bilirubin)

Question 53

Hemoglobin

Answer 53

Oxygen carrying protein, contained in RBC

Question 54

RBC lack

Answer 54

a nucleus

Question 55

Why is the biconcave structure of RBC advantageous?

Answer 55

Increases surface area to enhance diffusion

Question 56

Agglutination

Answer 56

Occurs when wrong blood type is given in a transfusion, clumping of cells (can cause kidney damage)

Question 57

Rh blood group

Answer 57

Rh present (+), Rh absent (-)

Question 58

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 58

When a negative mother has a positive Rh fetus (or vice versa) and the fetus is incompatible