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Integrative Physiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Law of conservation of energy

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2
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Entropy –> processes move from state of order to disorder

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3
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Energy absorbed; products have more energy (bonds are formed, bonds store energy)

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4
Q

What makes reactions irreversible?

A

Large activation energy

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5
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release of energy; products have less energy (bonds are broken)

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6
Q

Isozymes

A

Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction as another enzyme, but under different conditions

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7
Q

Enzyme catalysis

A

Speeds up chemical reactions without protein being altered or consumed

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8
Q

Law of mass action

A

When a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of the products and substrates remain constant

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9
Q

Factors that influence the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, competitive inhibitors, allosteric modulators, metabolic pathways (feedback inhibition)

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10
Q

Example of isozyme action

A

Tyrosinase (converts tyrosine to melanin); siamese cats have an isozyme of tyrosinase that is heat sensitive; warm areas of siamese cats are white because they cannot create melanin (pigment); cold areas (nose, ears, tail) are brown because they can create melanin

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11
Q

Cellular regulation of metabolic pathways

A
  1. controlling enzyme concentrations
  2. producing allosteric and covalent modulators
  3. using different enzymes for reversible reactions
  4. isolating enzymes within organelles
  5. maintaining optimum ration ATP:ADP
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12
Q

Catabolic metabolism

A

Extract energy for ATP production
Depends on exergonic reactions
**release of energy

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13
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Synthesis pathways
Energy converted to chemical bonds
Dependent on endergonic reactions
**putting energy in to get a larger product

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14
Q

Aerobic pathway for ATP production

A

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl co-A, krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)

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15
Q

Two mechanisms for ATP production

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaking down glucose, breaking carbon-carbon bonds to get smaller molecules and release energy

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17
Q

Fate of pyruvate in anaerobic and aerobic conditions

A

Aerobic: becomes acetyl-coA then enters krebs cycle
Anaerobic: converted to lactic acid

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18
Q

ATP production by Krebs cycle

A

1 ATP

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19
Q

Production of ATP aerobically vs anaerobically

A

30-32 aerobic, 2 anaerobic

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20
Q

ATP production from ETC

A

26-28 ATP

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21
Q

ATP production via glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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22
Q

Citric acid cycle is also known as the

A

Krebs cycle

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23
Q

In the presence of oxygen, ATP production is _____ than in anaerobic conditions

A

Higher

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24
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose, found in liver and skeletal muscle

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25
Glycogenolysis
Breaking glycogen into glucose
26
Glycogenesis
Glucose into glycogen (storage form)
27
Gluconeogenesis
Conversion of noncarb (lactic acid, amino acids, glycerol) molecules into glucose molecules
28
Keto diet
Utilizes gluconeogenesis
29
Lipid catabolism
Lipolysis, beta oxidation
30
Keto acid production
Deamination of an amino acid
31
Clearance
Rate at which a molecule disappears from the body
32
Mass balance
Existing body load + intake (met. production) - excretion (met. removal)
33
Mass flow
Concentration x volume flow
34
Why is chemical and electrical disequilibrium important for physiology?
Gradients drive exchange of molecules
35
Why are homeostasis and equilibrium not synonymous in physiology?
Disequilibrium is required to maintain homeostasis (ex. chemical/electrical disequilibrium)
36
Permeability of plasma membrane
Permeable to small uncharged, polar molecules Impermeable to ions, large, uncharged polar molecules
37
Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration of a chemical from one place to another
38
Electrical gradient
Difference in charges between two regions
39
Electrochemical gradients
Combined influence of concentration gradient and electrical gradient on movement of an ion across a membrane
40
Electrical gradient direction always goes
Positive --> negative
41
Primary active transport
Directly requires ATP --> creates concentration gradient
42
Secondary active transport
Activated by primary active transport, uses not ATP, uses concentration gradient to drive transport
43
Properties of diffusion
Passive, high concentration to low concentration, net movement until equal, rapid over short distances, related to temperature, inversely related to molecule size (slower with larger mol)
44
Fick's Law of Diffusion
Rate of diffusion proportional to (surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability)/membrane thickness and membrane permeability dependent on lipid solubility and molecular size
45
Active transport requires
Energy, either directly from ATP (primary) or in the form of a concentration gradient (secondary)
46
Diffusion
Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient due to its kinetic energy
47
Simple diffusion
Solute moves across membrane without help of transport proteins
48
Facilitated diffusion
Solute moves across membrane aided by channel protein or carrier protein
49
Gated channel
A portion of the channel protein acts as a gate to open or close the channel's pore to passage of ions
50
Carrier protein vs. gated channel protein
Carrier protein = conformational change, gated channel = small gate (no conformational change) **CARRIER PROTEINS NEVER FORM AN OPEN CHANNEL
51
Types of carrier proteins
Uniport (1 molecule transported), symport (2 molecules delivered to same side), antiport (2 molecules delivered to opposite sides)
52
Carrier proteins
Binds to substance on one side of membrane, undergoes conformational change, releases substance on opposite side of membrane
53
Solute specificity
A given carrier protein transports only one solute or a group of solutes that are structurally related
54
Channel vs. carrier protein
No conformational change in channel-mediated protein --> channel opens without requiring conformational change or ATP
55
Sodium-potassium pump is an example of
Primary active transport
56
Function of sodium-potassium pumps
Expels sodium ions and brings potassium ions into the cell against concentration/electrical gradients
57
Na+ and K+ concentrations always occur in _______ direction
Opposite
58
Antiporters
carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions
59
Primary vs. secondary active transport
Primary --> maintains gradient by moving molecules from low concentration to high concentration (against natural flow) Secondary --> uses the gradient created by primary as energy to move substances
60
Osmolarity
Measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of silutions
61
Isoosmotic
Two solutions of the same osmolarity
62
Hyperosomotic
One solution has a higher osmolarity than another solution
63
Hypoosmotic
One solution has a lower osmolarity than another solution
64
Tonicity
Tonic=tension, measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering water content
65
Tonicity is NOT movement of ______. It depends on non________ solutes only.
Molecules (movement of water); nonpenatrating
66
What solutions are used to treat dehydration?
Hypotonic (so water moves into cells)
67
What solutions are used to treat bloodloss?
Isotonic, supports fluid remaining in ECF
68
0.9% saline tonicity
Isotonic
69
0.45% saline tonicity
Hypotonic
70
5% dextrose in 0.45% saline tonicity
hypotonic
71
5% dextrose in 0.9% saline
Isotonic
72
Isoosmotic vs. isotonic
Isoosmotic: solution has same concentration of molecules as another Isotonic: no net movement of water in or out of cell
73
Hyperosmotic vs. hypertonic
Hyperosmotic: higher concentration of molecules than another solution Hypertonic: net movement of water out of cell
74
Hypoosmotic vs. hypotonic
Hypoosmotic: less concentration of molecules than another solution Hypotonic: net movement of water into cell
75
Three methods of cell communication
Gap junctions, cell-cell binding, extracellular chemical messenger (endocrine)
76
Extracellular chemical messenger pathway
1. binding to receptor 2. signal transduction 3. cellular response
77
Three types of extracellular chemical messengers
Hormones, neurotransmitters, local mediators (paracrine, autocrine)
78
Transducer
Convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages that generate a response
79
Modulation of signal pathways
Specificity, competition, agonist vs. antagonist, multiple receptors for one ligand
80
Agonist vs. antagonists
Agonists activate receptors same as ligands, antagonists prohibit activation
81
Cannon's Postulates
Nervous regulation of internal environment Tonic control Antagonistic control One chemical signal can have different effect in different tissues
82
Tonic control
Regulates parameters in an up-down manner, increased and decreased signal rates
83
Antagonistic control
Ex. heart rate, sympathetic nerves speed while parasympathetic nerves slow
84
Receptor types
Cell membrane, intracellular OR specialized cells or structures (ex. nose, chemoreceptor cells)
85
Afferent vs. efferent
Afferent carries signal to integrating center, efferent carries response towards effector cells

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

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