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Integrative Physiology > Neuronal Excitability and Nervous System > Flashcards

Neuronal Excitability and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent division of nervous system

A

Somatic and special senses

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2
Q

Efferent division of nervous system

A

Control muscles, motor output

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3
Q

Neuron parts

A

Axon terminal, axon, cell body, dendrites

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4
Q

Interneurons

A

Association neurons

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5
Q

Three classifications of neurons

A

Sensory, interneuron, efferent

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6
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor neurons

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Sensory receptors (receive signals)

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8
Q

Glial cell types

A

Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells

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9
Q

Satellite glial cell function

A

Support neuron cell bodies

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10
Q

Glial cell function

A

Provide physical and biochemical support to neurons

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11
Q

Which glial cells form myelin shealths?

A

Oligodendrocytes (schwann cells)

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12
Q

Which glial cells help form the blood brain barrier, provide substrates for ATP production, secrete neurotrophic factors, and take up K+ , water and neurotransmitters?

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

Ependymal cell functions

A

Source of neural stem cells, create barriers between compartments

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14
Q

Which two glial cells are a source of neural stem cells?

A

Astrocytes, ependymal cells

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15
Q

Which glial cells are the most numerous?

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Microglia function

A

Phagocytes (scavengers) –> remove debris, damaged cells, pathogens

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17
Q

Pia matter

A

Inner covering around the brain

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18
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Areas of an axon between myelin sheath (between shwann cells) –> gaps in myelination

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19
Q

Functions of myelin sheath

A

Electrical insulation, found in CNS and PNS, makes up white matter

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20
Q

Difference between schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

Oligodendrocytes = CNS
Schwann cells = PNS

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21
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Electrical potential difference across plasma membrane (negative inside cell, positive outside of cell)

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22
Q

Leak channels

A

Randomly open and close, allowing K+/Na+ to penetrate the membrane and move outside/inside of the cell (down concentration gradient)

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23
Q

Ligand-gated channel

A

Opens or closes in response to specific ligand (chemical) stimulus (allows Na+ and K+ to move down concentration gradients)

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24
Q

Mechanically-gated channel

A

Open or close in response to touch, pressure, tissue stretching, vibration (mechanical stimulation)

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25
Voltage-gated channel
Opens in response to change in membrane potential (voltage)
26
Nernst Equation
Describes membrane potential that a single ion would produce if the membrane were permeable to only that ion
27
Influence of membrane potential
1. concentration gradient of ions 2. membrane permeability to those ions
28
GHK Equation
Predicts membrane potential that results from the contribution of all ions that can cross the membrane --> resting membrane potential is determined by the combined contributions of the (concentration gradient x membrane permeability) of each ion
29
Resting membrane potential is primary determined by
K+ concentration gradient (due to K+ leak channels), cell's resting permeability to K+, Na+, Ca+
30
Depolarization
Membrane potential becomes less polarized (less negative)
31
Hyperpolarizing
Membrane potential becomes more polarized (more negative)
32
Graded potentials
Local changes in membrane potential, decrease in strength as they spread out from the point of origin (large stimulus= large potential, vice versa)
33
Graded potentials can be...
Hyperpolarizations or depolarizations
34
Suprathreshold graded potential
Will trigger an action potential
35
Subthreshold graded potential
Is not strong enough to generate an action potential because it is subthreshold when it reaches the trigger zone
36
Strength of graded potential is determined by
The strength of the stimulus
37
Summation
Multiple graded potentials can increase the strength of the signal - signals can come from multiple neurons, if sum of graded potentials reaches threshold, will cause an action potential
38
Strength of initial depolarization in a graded potential is determined by
How much charge enters the cell
39
Why do graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cell?
Current leak, cytoplasmic resistance
40
Trigger zone
Axon hillock
41
SEQ action potential
1. Resting membrane potential 2. Depolarizing stimulus 3. Membrane depolarizes to threshold, Na+ enters the cell, K+ starts to leave the cell SLOWLY 4. Rapid Na+ entry depolarizes cell 5. Na+ channels close, K+ channels open 6. K+ moves from cell to extracellular fluid 7. K+ channels remain open and K+ continues to leave, hyperpolarizing cell 8. Voltage-gated K+ channels close, less K+ leaks from cell 9. Cell returns to resting ion permeability and resting membrane potential
42
Absolute refractory period
When the action potential is peaking, zero cell excitability (because cell is being excited already)
43
Two factors that influence AP speed
1. Diameter of axon (larger= faster) 2. Ion leakage (less leaks= faster)
44
Why do myelinated axons have faster action potentials?
Only nodes have Na+ channels, action potential jumps from node to node and covers more ground in less time
45
Demyelinated axons
Slows conduction of AP by current leaking out of axon where myelination was previously, causes degenerative diseases (ex. MS)
46
Saltatory conduction
Jumping of AP from node to node in myelinated axons
47
Hyperkalemia
Increased blood K+ concentration, brings membrane closer to threshold (more positive) and stimulus that were previously subthreshold will trigger action potentials
48
Hypokalemia
Decreased blood K+ concentration, hyperpolarizes membrane (more negative) and decreases likelihood of firing action potential
49
Synapses
Pass electrical signals between neurons by neurotransmitters
50
What ion is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters?
Ca2+
51
Seven classes of neurocrines
1. Acetylcholine 2. Amines 3. Amino acids 4. Purines 5. Gases 6. Peptides 7. Lipids
52
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Synthesized from choline and acetyl coA
53
Cholinergic neurons
Release and bind Ach
54
Amine neurotransmitters
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (all derived from Tyrosine), others include serotonin (Tryptophan), Histamine (Histidine)
55
Amino acid neurotransmitters
Glutamate (excitatory), Aspartate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory), Glycline (inhibitory or excitatory)
56
Cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic, muscarinic
57
Nicotinic receptors
Found on skeletal muscle in CNS and PNS, channels for Na+ and K+
58
Muscarinic receptors
CNS and PNS, linked to G proteins, tissue response varies with receptor subtype
59
Adrenergic receptors
Two classes (alpha, beta), linked to G proteins
60
Slow neurocrine response
G-coupled protein pathway, uses messengers
61
Fast neurocrine response
Gated ion channel pathway, direct effect
62
Fate of neurotransmitters
Returned to axon terminals, transported into glial cells, inactivated by enzymes, diffuse out of synaptic cleft (into bloodstream)
63
Divergent integration pathway
One neuron passes a signal to multiple targets
64
Convergent integration pathway
Multiple neurons pass a signal to one target
65
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential
Neurotransmitter release results in a hyperpolarization (more negative) of the post-synaptic membrane
66
Excitatory post-synaptic potential
Neurotransmitter release results in a depolarization (more positive) of the post-synaptic membrane
67
Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
Net sum of all signals reaches the trigger zone and can either trigger an action potential or not

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

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