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Anatomy & Physiology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Areas of the brain?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

Lobes of cerebral cortex?

Brodmann’s areas

A

Occipital, temporal, parietal, Postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe, precentral gyrus

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3
Q

Function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

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4
Q

Function of temporal lobe?

A

Auditory sensation, memory

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5
Q

Function of parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensation

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6
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

Responsible for proprioception

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7
Q

Function of frontal lobe?

A

Motor function

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8
Q

Function of precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

Responsible for planned movements, language/speech

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9
Q

The diencephalon consists of:

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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10
Q

The brainstem consists of:

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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11
Q

Function of hippocampus and amygdala?

A

Long-term memory formation and emotional responses

Located in medial lobe

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12
Q

Function of basal nuclei?

A

Motivational/approach-related movement

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13
Q

The corpus striatum consists of:

A

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

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14
Q

What is the caudate nucleus?

A

Long C-structure that follows cerebrum

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15
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of:

A

Everything else other than brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Bundle of neuron cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

Used to describe some structures in CNS (ex. basal ganglia)

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17
Q

Cell types making up nervous tissue:

A

Glial cells and neurons

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18
Q

Function of glial cell?

A

Provide scaffolding and support structures for neurons and functions

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19
Q

True or False?

Glial cells can reproduce.

A

True

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20
Q

True or False?

Glial cells can produce nerve impulses.

A

False

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21
Q

Function of Neuron?

A

Communicates info within nervous system via nerve impulse conduction

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22
Q

True or False

Neurons are larger than glial cells.

A

True

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23
Q

True or False?

Neurons can have multiple processes from the soma.

A

True

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24
Q

True or False?

Neurons only have one axon emerging from the cell body and projecting nerve impulses to target cells.

A

True

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25
Function of Myelin sheath?
Protects axon and promotes rapid transmission of info | Made from glial cells
26
Function of Node of Ranvier?
Allows ions to diffuse in/out of neuron for efficient propagation of nerve impulse | Formed from gaps in myelin sheath
27
Function of Dendrites?
Receive info from other neurons
28
Unipolar neuron consists of:
One process and includes both axon and dendrite | Receives sensory information
29
# [](http://) Bipolar neuron consists of:
Two processes and one axon and one dendrite
30
Location of bipolar neurons?
Mainly found in olfactory epithelium and retina
31
Multipolar neuron consists of:
Multiple processes, one axon and two or more dendrites
32
Gray matter consists of:
Cell bodies and dendrites
33
White matter consists of:
Myelin-insulated axons
34
# Define: Resting membrane potential
~60–70 mV, steady state of cell maintained via ion leakage and pumping
35
# True or False? There is more negative charge inside the neuron than outside the neuron.
True
36
How do neurons mantain negative internal charge?
* Selective membrane permeability * Concentration gradient * Electrostatic force * Sodium-potassium pump
37
# Define: Depolarization
Cell becomes more positive and moves towards zero until threshold reached to get AP
38
# Define: Repolarization
K+ voltage-gated channels begin opening and returns membrane potential to -70 mV
39
# Define: Hyperpolarization
K+ voltage-gated channels remain open, delay in closing results in hyperpolarization
40
# True or False? Action potentials are all-or-none.
True
41
# True or False? Stronger stimuli equal larger action potentials (AP).
False ## Footnote Stronger stimuli can initiate multiple APs more quickly though.
42
# True or false? All action potentials peak at the same voltage (+30 mV) and take place within ~2 ms.
True
43
# Define: Refractory period
Period of time where AP cannot be initiated due to other AP in progress
44
Process of action potential
1. AP initiated at beginning of axon 2. Signal propagates down axon due to Na+ channels opening 3. Depolarization 4. Signal terminates at axon terminal
45
Continuous conduction
Propagation along unmyelinated axon
46
# Definition Saltatory conduction
Propagation along myelinated axon
47
# Definition Graded potentials
Local changes in membrane potentials that vary in size
48
What are depolarizing graded potentials caused by?
Sodium or calcium ions entering the cell
49
What are hyperpolarizing graded potentials caused by?
Potassium leaving cell or chlorine entering cell
50
# Definition Postsynaptic potential
Graded potential in dendrites receiving synapses from other cells
51
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Causes membrane potential to move towards threshold, more positive
52
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Causes membrane potential to move away from threshold, more negative
53
Ion channels are categorized by:
Charge or size of channel
54
Non-specific channel
Selective for charge but not necessarily for size
55
Ligand-gated channel
Neurotransmitter binds to extracellular portion of ion channel
56
Mechanically-gated channel
Opens because of physical change in cell membrane
57
Leakage channel
Randomly gated, helps particles cross cell membrane
58
Sensation
* Receives information about external environment * Registers changes in homeostasis or in response to stimuli
59
Examples of sensory systems:
Vision, audition, somatosensory, olfaction, taste
60
Function of sensory systems?
Provides CNS with representation of external world and translates sensory information into a signal the brain can understand ## Footnote Requires ascending mechanisms from receptor into CNS and descending mechanisms that sort through stimuli and influence ascending inputs
61
# Define: Integration
Typically occurs before response, sensory info from various receptors/structures transferred to nervous system for processing
62
# Define: Response
Produced by nervous system in response to stimuli as perceived by sensory structures
63
Perception
Conscious experience from stimulation of senses
64
Bottom-up processing
Occurs based on incoming data
65
Top-down processing
Based on knowledge
66
Sensory coding
Interpreting neural firing patterns as info about stimulus
67
Stimulus qualities encoded:
* Modality (light, sound, touch, etc.) * Intensity * Timing/duration
68
Common principles of all sensory systems:
* Receptors (specialized cells) * Peripheral organization & processing * Central pathways & processing * Sensory cortices
69
Convergence
Information from many receptors sent to one ganglion neuron
70
Divergence
Each receptor sends information to multiple ganglion neurons
71
Labeled lines
Whenever particular population of neurons is active, specific stimulus is perceived consciously
72
Take-home
PNS organized into labeled lines dedicated to each sense
73
Blue DRG
Touch sensation
74
Red DRG
Pain sensation
75
Labeled lines receptors are selective in:
What activates them and to which cells they communicate

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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