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Anatomy & Physiology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Enables movement
  • Protection
  • Blood cell production
  • Stores and releases minerals and fats
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2
Q

What type of tissue does yellow bone marrow store?

A

Adipose tissue

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3
Q

Where does hematopoiesis (blood cell production) take place?

A

Red bone marrow

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4
Q

What are the two parts of long bones?

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
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5
Q

Define:

Diaphysis

A
  • Tubular shaft between proximal and distal ends of bone
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6
Q

Define:

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow center of diaphysis, filled with yellow marrow

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7
Q

What are the walls of the diaphysis made of?

A

Compact bone

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8
Q

Define:

Epiphysis

A

Ends of proximal and distal bone

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9
Q

Where do the epiphysis and diaphysis meet?

A

At the metaphysis

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10
Q

Define:

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate, contained in the metaphysis

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11
Q

Define:

Endosteum

A

Lining of inner surface of medullary cavity

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12
Q

Define:

Periosteum

A

Surrounds outer surface of bone

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13
Q

What are the three types of bone markings?

A
  • Articulations
  • Projections
  • Hole
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14
Q

Define:

Articulation

A

Where two bone surfaces come together

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15
Q

Define:

Projection

A

Area of bone that projects above bone surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

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16
Q

Define:

Hole

A

Opening or groove that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter bone

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17
Q

Where does bone get its hardness and strength?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals forming on collagen fibers

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18
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteogenic cell
  • Osteoclast
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19
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Forms new bone

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20
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

Periosteum and endosteum (growing portions of bone)

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21
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintain mineral concentration of bone matrix

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22
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

A

Long cytoplasmic processes that extend through canaliculi, channels within bone matrix

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23
Q

Define:

Osteogenic cells

A

Undifferentiated bone cells with high mitotic activity

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24
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Breakdown of bone

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25
Where is cortical/compact bone found?
Under periosteum and in diaphysis
26
What is the function of compact bone?
Provides support and protection
27
# Define: Osteon
Structural unit of cortical bone
28
# Define: Lamellae
Concentric rings of calcified matrix, makes up osteon
29
# Define: Haversian/central canal
* Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels * runs down center of each osteon
30
# Define: Perforating/Volkmann's canals
* Extends to periosteum and endosteum * location where vessels and nerves branch off at right angles
31
Where are osteocytes located?
Lacunae
32
# Define: Trabeculae
Lattice-like network of matrix spikes that contain lacunae and osteocytes
33
Where do arteries enter in the bone?
Via the nutrient foramen
34
What are the two osteogenic pathways?
* Intramembranous ossification * Endochondral ossification
35
What are the types of bones formed by intramembranous ossification?
* Flat facial bones * Most cranial bones * Clavicles
36
What type of bones are formed via endochondral ossification?
Bones at base of skull and long bones
37
Why does endochondral ossification take longer than intramembranous ossification?
Cartilage serves as a template to be entirely replaced by new bone.
38
# Define: Primary ossification center
Region deep in periosteal collar where ossification begins
39
# Define: Secondary ossification center
New center of activity within the epiphyseal regions where matrix mineralization, chondrocyte death, cell cell invasion from periosteum, and osteogenic cells becoming osteoblasts occurs
40
Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?
In the epiphyseal plate
41
What are the two sides of the epiphyseal plate?
* Epiphyseal side * Diaphyseal side
42
Which side of the epiphyseal side does cartilage form?
Epiphyseal side
43
Which side of the epiphyseal plate is cartilage ossified?
Diaphyseal side
44
# Define: Appositional growth
Growth of bone diameter
45
# Define: Joint
Area where adjacent bone(s) and cartilage come together
46
What are the three types of functional joints?
* Synarthrosis * Amphiarthrosis * Diarthrosis
47
What are the three types of structural joints?
* Fibrous joint * Cartilaginous joint * Synovial joint
48
# Define: Synarthrosis
Immobile joint
49
# Define: Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joint
50
# Define: Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joint
51
What are most cartilaginous joints functionally classified as?
* Synarthrosis * Amphiarthrosis
52
What are all synovial joints functionally classified as?
Diarthrosis
53
What are some examples of synarthrosis joints?
* Sutures * Manubriosternal joint
54
What are some examples of amphiarthrosis joints?
* Intervertebral disc * Pubic symphysis in pelvis
55
Diarthroses can be classified as:
* Uniaxial * Biaxial * Multiaxial
56
# Define: Fibrous joint
Adjacent bones united by fibrous connective tissue
57
# Define: Cartilaginous joint
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
58
# Define: Synovial joint
Articulating surfaces not directly connected but come into contact via joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
59
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
* Suture * Syndesmosis * Gomphosis
60
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
* Synchondrosis * Symphysis
61
# Define: Bursa
Thin connective tissue sac filled with fluid to prevent friction between skin, muscle, or tendon with underlying bone
62
What are the six types of synovial joints?
* Pivot * Hinge * Saddle * Plane * Condyloid * Ball-and-socket

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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