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Anaphy Midterm > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

CNS develops from the ___.

A

embryonic neural tube

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2
Q

True or False: The neural tube becomes the brain and the spinal cord.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

The opening of the neural tube becomes the ___.

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

There are ____ ventricles in the brain, which are filled with ___.

A

four; cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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6
Q

They are paired superior parts of the brain.

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

True or False: Cerebral hemispheres include more than half of the brain mass.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

The surface of the cerebrum is made of ridges called ___; and grooves called ___.

A

Gyrus/gyri; sulcus/sulci

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9
Q

What are the three main regions of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Cortex (gray matter)
White matter
Basal nuclei (deep pockets of gray matter)

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10
Q

The brain is divided into lobed by deep grooves called ___.

A

Fissures

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11
Q

What are the surface lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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12
Q

What are the specialized areas of the cerebrum?

A

Primary somatic sensory area
Primary motor area
Broca’s area
Anterior and posterior association areas
Speech area

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13
Q

It receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors

A

Primary somatic sensory area

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14
Q

Give examples of sensory impulses.

A

Pain, temperature, light touch

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15
Q

The primary somatic sensory area is located in which lobe?

A

Parietal lobe

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16
Q

The frontal and parietal lobes are divided by the ____.

A

Central sulcus

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17
Q

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the ___.

A

Corpus callosum

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18
Q

It is a spatial map for the primary somatic sensory area.

A

Sensory homunculus

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19
Q

True or False: Left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from the left side (and vice versa).

A

FALSE. The left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from the right side (and vice versa).

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20
Q

What are the cerebral areas involved in special senses?

A

Visual area (occipital lobe)
Auditory area (temporal lobe)
Olfactory area (temporal lobe)

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21
Q

It sends impulses to skeletal muscles.

A

Primary motor area

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22
Q

The primary motor area is located in which lobe?

A

Frontal lobe

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23
Q

Motor neurons form ____, which descends into the spinal cord.

A

Corticospinal (pyramid) tract

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24
Q

What is the spatial map for the primary motor area?

A

Motor homuculus

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25
This specialized area is involved in our ability to speak.
Broca's area
26
Broca's area is usually located in which hemisphere?
Left hemisphere
27
Damage to Broca's area may result in difficulty speaking or ___.
Aphasia
28
Outer layer in the cerebral cortex; composed mostly of neuron cell bodies.
Gray matter
29
Fiber tracts deep to the gray matter.
White matter
30
Islands of gray matter buried within the white matter.
Basal nuclei
31
What region of the brain sits on top of the brain stem and is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres?
Diencephalon
32
What are the three parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
33
The thalamus surrounds the ___.
Third ventricle
34
It is the relay station for sensory impulses; it transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation.
Thalamus
35
It is the autonomic nervous system center.
Hypothalamus
36
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
▪ Helps regulate body temperature ▪ Controls water balance ▪ Regulates metabolism
37
What does the limbic system control?
Emotions
38
The hypothalamus houses mammillary bodies for what special sense?
Smell
39
It forms the roof of the third ventricle.
Epithalamus
40
What is located in the epithalamus that forms cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus
41
What is the part of the cerebral hemispheres that is responsible for memory?
Hippocampus
42
This lobe is responsible for intellect, reasoning, and motor movement.
Frontal lobe
43
This lobe is in charge of somatosensory.
Parietal lobe
44
The ___ lobe is in charge of hearing; while the ___ lobe is in charge of sight.
Temporal; occipital
45
What are the glands that are part of the diencephalon?
Pituitary gland and pineal gland
46
The pineal gland produces and secretes what compound?
Melatonin
47
What region of the brain attaches to the spinal cord?
Brain stem
48
What are the parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
49
This part of the brain stem is composed mainly of tracts of nerve fibers.
Midbrain
50
These bulging fiber tracts convey ascending and descending impulses.
Cerebral peduncles
51
They are rounded protrusions that are the visual and auditory reflex centers.
Corpora quadrigemina
52
The bulging center part of the brain stem mostly composed of fiber tracts.
Pons
53
The pons includes nuclei involved in the control of ___.
Breathing
54
It is the lowest part of the brainstem that merges into the spinal cord.
Medulla oblongata
55
The medulla oblongata includes important control centers for what bodily processes?
▪ Heart rate control ▪ Blood pressure regulation ▪ Breathing ▪ Swallowing ▪ Vomiting
56
This region of the brainstem diffuses mass of gray matter along the brain stem.
Reticular formation
57
The reticular formation is involved in the motor control of what body parts?
Visceral organs
58
It serves as a filter for incoming sensory information.
Reticular activation system (RAS)
59
The reticular activation system is involved in the ___, and ___.
Sleep-wake cycle; consciousness
60
What are the regions of the brain with hemispheres?
Cerebrum and cerebellum
61
This region of the brain controls balance and equilibrium.
Cerebellum
62
It provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements.
Cerebellum
63
What are the layers of protection of the central nervous system in order from outermost to innermost?
▪ Scalp and skin ▪ Skull and vertebral column ▪ Meninges ▪ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ▪ Blood-brain barrier
64
What are the layers of meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
65
What is the tough outermost layer of the meninges?
Dura mater
66
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
Periosteum and meningeal layer
67
In which areas does the dura mater fold inwards?
Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
68
Middle layer with weblike extensions span the subarachnoid space.
Arachnoid
69
What part of the arachnoid reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid?
Arachnoid villi
70
Internal layer that clings to the surface of the brain.
Pia mater
71
Capillaries in the ventricles of the brain
Choroid plexus
72
Similar to blood plasma composition that forms a watery cushion to protect the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid
73
Where is cerebrospinal fluid circulated?
Arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
74
What is the order of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus Ventricles Subarachnoid space Dural venous sinuses *some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord
75
CSF flows to the subarachnoid space via the ___.
Median and lateral apertures
76
It is when CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain.
Hydrocephalus
77
This is possible in infants because ___.
The skull bones have not yet fused.
78
Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body.
Blood-brain barrier
79
What are some substances that are excluded by the blood-brain barrier?
▪ Fats and fat-soluble molecules ▪ Respiratory gases ▪ Alcohol ▪ Nicotine ▪ Anesthesia ▪ Metabolic wastes ▪ Most drugs ▪ Nonessential amino acids ▪ Potassium ions
80
What are some substances that can travel through the blood-brain barrier?
▪ Water ▪ Glucose ▪ Essential amino acids
81
What are examples of traumatic brain injuries?
Concussion, contusion, and cerebral edema
82
Slight brain injury with no permanent brain damage.
Concussion
83
Nervous tissue destruction occurs; nervous tissue does not regenerate.
Contusion
84
Swelling from the inflammatory response; may compress and kill brain tissue.
Cerebral edema
85
Results from a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke
86
What are the possible results of a stroke?
Death, hemiplegia, aphasia
87
Damage to speech center in left hemisphere results in ___.
Aphasia
88
It is one-sided paralysis.
Hemiplegia
89
Restriction of blood flow is also known as?
Ischemia
90
Temporary brain ischemia is called___.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
91
It serves as a warning signs for more serious CVAs.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
92
It is a progressive degenerative brain disease.
Alzheimer's disease
93
True or False: Alzheimer's only occurs in the elderly.
FALSE. It is mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age.
94
What are the effects of Alzheimer's disease?
Memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death
95
What are some structural changes that occur in the brain due to Alzheimer's?
Abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons

Anaphy Midterm (16 decks)

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