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Anatomy > Central Nervous System and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Central Nervous System and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

composed of the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

located within the cortex of the brain, composed of nerve cell bodies.

A

gray matter

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3
Q

located beneath the cortex, composed of tracts of myelinated nerve fibers

A

white matter

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4
Q

the main, superior component of the brain in charge of memory and reason; is divided into two hemispheres and further into five lobes

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

elevations of the cortical surface of the brain

A

cerebral gyrus

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6
Q

grooves between the cerebral gyri

A

cerebral sulcus

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7
Q

deep groove that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres, follows the sagittal suture line

A

longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

comprises most of the anterior half of the cerebrum, in charge of personality and contraction of skeletal muscle

A

frontal lobe

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9
Q

the top, posterior portion of the cerebrum, associated with speech, emotions, and visual interpretations.

A

parietal lobe

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10
Q

the lateral portion of the cerebrum, associated with memory, hearing, and visual activities

A

temporal lobe

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11
Q

found deep beneath the lateral sulcus, associated with memory and interpretation of tase

A

insula lobe

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12
Q

divides the brain in a coronal section, separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

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13
Q

most posterior portion of the cerebrum associated with interpretation of visual images and eye movement

A

occipital lobe

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14
Q

divides the brain in a transverse section, follows the squamous suture, separates the frontal and temporal lobes

A

lateral sulcus

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15
Q

separates parietal and occipital lobes, can only be seen from the medial side of a sagittal cut

A

parietooccipital sulcus

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16
Q

a commissure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, unifying awareness between them

A

corpus callosum

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17
Q

anterior portion of the corpus callosum

A

genu

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18
Q

posterior portion of the corpus callosum

A

splenium

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19
Q

located just superior to the corpus callosum, responsible for processing emotions related to the consolidation of short-term into long-term memories, and processing of motivation; part of limbic system.

A

cingulate system

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20
Q

continuation of cingulate gyrus to medial temporal lobe; contains the entrohinal cortex, part of limbic system

A

parahippocampal gyrus

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21
Q

paired organ lateral and superior to third ventricle of the diencephalon, receives and sends impulses to precise locations within the cerebral lobes from interpretation; part of the somatosensory system and limbic system.

A

thalamus

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22
Q

a small, midline commissure connecting the right and left thalamus

A

interthalamic ahesion (intermediate mass)

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23
Q

a small hormone secreting gland in the posterior portion of the epithalamus, located superior to the corpora quadrigemina

A

pineal gland (body)

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24
Q

located within the floor of the diecephalon or third ventricle; provides control over the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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25
the stalk that connects the pituitary and the hypothalamus
infundibulum
26
a small endocrine gland projecting inferiorly from the hypothalamus and situated in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, "master gland"
pituitary gland
27
two nodes located inferior to the third ventricle and superior and anterior to the pons, function as a relay center for olfactory sensations; part of limbic system
mammillary gland
28
located in the medial temporal lobe underneath the cortical surface, makes up part of the limbic system; plays a role in spatial navigation and forming short-term memories.
hippocampus
29
white matter tract connecting the hippocampus to the mammillary body on each hemisphere; part of limbic system
fornix
30
"almond" shaped structure located anterior to the hippocampus; responsible for processing emotions related to the formation of short-term memories
amygdala
31
consists of mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata
brain stem
32
consists of the cerebral peduncles anteriorly and the corpora quadrigemina posteriorly
midbrain
33
white matter tracts linking the cerebrum with the pons; forms the ventral portion of the midbrain
cerebral peduncles
34
four rounded elevations that form the dorsal portion of the midbrain; consists of the superior and inferior colliculus; responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
tectum (corpora quadrigemina)
35
larger than the inferior colliculus, responsible for visual relfexes
superior colliculus
36
responsible for auditory reflexes, turning our heads towards a startling sound
inferior colliculus
37
a mound inferior to the brain caudal to the midbrain, contains respiratory centers.
pons
38
ventral part of the midbrain and pons, (does not include the cerebral peduncles or pyramidal tracts); controls basic body and limb movements
tegmentum
39
portion of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord, regulates breathing, heart beat, and blood pressure
medulla oblangata
40
white matter tracts linking the cerebellum with the pons, the cerebellum receives motor movement information via this connection.
cerebellar peduncles
41
relatively large, posterior, inferior region of the brain involved in coordination and equilibrium
cerebellum
42
central structure between the cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
43
portion of the cerebellum composed of white matter (viewed in sagittal section)
arbor vitae
44
three distinct membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord for protection and for accommodation of blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
meninges
45
outermost membrane in direct contact with the bones of the skull; extends into the longitudinal fissure of the brain and attaches to the crista galli
dura mater
46
a net-like membrane located between the dura mater and the pia mater
arachnoid mater
47
highly vascular membrane which attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord and follows the contours, supports the blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord, contributes to choroid plexus
pia mater
48
paired arteries originating from the subclavian arteries, passing through the transverse foramen and foramen magnum, uniting to form the basilar artery
vertebral arteries
49
central artery anterior to brain stem that branches to cerebellum, pons, and inner ear
basilar artery
50
paired arteries originating from the common carotid arteries, passing through the carotid canal of the temporal bone
internal carotid arteries
51
series of vessels that encircle the pituitary gland, uniting anterior and posterior circulations
cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
52
a clear fluid found in the ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, and subarachnoid space; serves as a protective cushion and source of nourishment
cerebrospinal (cerebral spinal) fluid
53
paired chambers located deep within each hemisphere below the corpus callosum
lateral ventricles
54
a vertical membranous wall just inferior to the body of the corpus callosum separating the two lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
55
narrow ventricle located in the diencephalon between the right and left thalamus
third ventricle
56
canal-like structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle
57
a cluster of capillaries found lining the ventricles; produces cerebral spinal fluid
choroid plexus
58
a groove running the length of spinal cord on the anterior aspect
anterior median fissure
59
a groove running the length of the spinal cord on the posterior aspect
posterior median sulcus
60
a canal that runs down the middle of the spinal column within the gray matter and is filled with cerebral spinal fluid
central canal
61
found on the inner portion of the spinal cord, is a mixture of unmyelinated association neurons, nerve cell bodies and neuroglia
gray matter
62
the anterior "arms" of grey matter that contains cell bodies of motor or association (inter) neurons
anterior horns
63
the lateral "arms" of grey matter that contains cell bodies of motor or association (inter) neurons
lateral horns
64
anterior columns of the white matter of the spinal cord containing fiber tracts
anterior funiculi
65
lateral columns of the white matter of the spinal cord containing fiber tracts
lateral funiculi
66
outer portion of the spinal cord composed primarily of myelinated axons of sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) neurons
white matter
67
the posterior "arms" of grey matter that contain axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of association (inter) neurons
posterior horns
68
posterior columns of the white matter of the spinal cord containing fiber tracts
posterior funiculi
69
a bundle of sensory afferent nerve cell bodies
dorsal root ganglion
70
most anterior sensory nerve; transvere the foramina in the ethmoidal cribriform plate Sensory: Smell
olfactory nerve I
71
tip of the nerve
olfactory bulb
72
impulses pass through here to the cerebral cortex to be interpreted
olfactory tract
73
anterior portion leading to eye; passes through the optic canal Sensory: sight
optic nerve II
74
middle portion of the "X"
optic chiasm
75
posterior portion that leads posteriorly to the thalamus
optic tract
76
transmitted through the superior orbital fissure; movement of most of the eye muscle; arises anterior and superior to the pons Motor: Ciliary muscle, constricts pupil, extrinsic eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus
oculomotor nerve III
77
passes through the superior orbital fissure superior to the oblique eye muscle; arises near corpora quadrigemina or inferior colliculi Motor: superior oblique muscle of eye
trochlear nerve IV
78
largest of the cranial nerves, used in dentistry to desensitize teeth and gums, comprised of three branches; originates lateral to pons. Sensory: face, teeth & tongue Motor: muscles of mastication
trigeminal nerve V
79
transmitted through the superior orbital fissure; innervates forehead and scalp region
ophthalmic division V1
80
transmitted through the foramen rotundum to the upper jaw region
maxillary division V2
81
transmitted through the foramen ovale to lower jaw region
mandibular division V3
82
transmitted through the superior orbital fissure; innervates the lateral rectus muscle of eye Motor: lateral rectus muscle of eye
abducens nerve VI
83
transmitted through the stylomastoid foramen and the internal acoustic meatus; innervates muscles of facial expressions, salivary glands, taste buds and lacrimal gland Sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) Motor: muscle of facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears
facial nerve VII
84
transmitted through the internal acoustic meatus; involved in equilibrium and hearing Sensory: hearing, balance, and posture
vestibulochlear nerve VIII
85
transmitted through the jugular foramen; innervates muscles used in swallowing, salivary glands and taste buds Sensory: taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue) Motor: swallowing and secretion of saliva
glossopharyngeal nerve IX
86
transmitted through the jugular foramen; innervates muscles of swallowing and muscles of the respiratory tract, heart, esophagus and abdominal viscera Sensory and Motor: 70% of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
vagus nerve X
87
transmitted through the jugular foramen; innervates and sternocleidomastoid to move the head, neck, and shoulders Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
accessory nerve XI
88
transmitted through the hypoglossal canal; innervates muscles of the tongue Motor: muscles of the tongue
hypoglossal nerve XII

Anatomy (12 decks)

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