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Anatomy Lecture > Central Nervous System - E4 > Flashcards

Central Nervous System - E4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral

Caudal

A

toward the forehead/nose

toward the spinal cord

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2
Q

4 major parts of the CNS

A
  1. Brain Stem
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Cerebrum
  4. Cerebellum
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3
Q

What are ventricles?

A

spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells

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4
Q

Lateral ventricles location

A

separated by the septum pellucidum

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5
Q

Interventricular foramina

A

connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

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6
Q

Cerebral aqueduct (in relation to ventricles)

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles

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7
Q

Fourth ventricle location

A

continuous with the central canal of spinal cord and connects to subarachnoid space via median and paired lateral apertures

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8
Q

Subparts of the brain stem

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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9
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

conduction pathway of the CNS (decussation of pyramids)

holds nuclei for CN VIII-XII

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10
Q

Pyramids vs Olives

A

pyramids are anterior bulges (contain tracts)
olives are lateral bulges (contain nuclei)
both pertaining to medulla oblongata

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11
Q

“Pons”

A

bridge

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12
Q

Pons function

A

connects medulla to midbrain

holds nuclei for CN V-VIII

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13
Q

“peduncles”

A

little feet

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14
Q

“colliculi”

A

little hills

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15
Q

“folia”

A

leaf

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16
Q

CN in midbrain

A

CN III and IV

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17
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

apart of the midbrain

  1. superior colliculi - visual reflexes
  2. inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes
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18
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. regulates voluntary, skilled movements
  2. regulates posture and balance
  3. other sensory and motor functions

50% of brain’s neurons, but only 10% of its mass

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19
Q

“Arbor vitae”

A

tree of life

white matter of the cerebellum

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20
Q

Subparts of the diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
  4. third ventricle
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21
Q

Thalamus

A

“gateway to the cerebral cortex”

relay center for all sensory info except smell

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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23
Q

Infundibulum

A

connects the hypothalamus to pituitary gland

24
Q

Pineal gland

A

“pine cone”
part of the epithalamus
sleep regulation

25
Third ventricle
"donut" pierced by interthalamic adhesion
26
gray/white matter location in the brain vs spinal cord
Brain - gray outside of white | Spinal cord - gray inside of white
27
Cerebral cortex
outer rind of the gray matter of the cerebrum | conscious mind
28
Insula
"island" | deep in lateral sulcus
29
Sulcus vs gyrus
sulcus for grooves | gyrus for folds
30
white matter tract types
association tracts are in the same hemisphere commissural tracts are between hemispheres projection tracts are outside of the cerebrum
31
basal nuclei
several large nuclei embedded w/i white matter of the cerebrum
32
Limbic system
limbic = "border" bilateral interconnected rings of structures includes hippocampus and fornix
33
Hippocampus
"seahorse" | memory
34
Fornix
"arch" | link between limbic system and diencephalon
35
Cerebrum functions
1. sensory: interpret and localize 2. motor: initiate movement 3. association: emotion and intellect 4. basal nuclei: gross, autonomic movement 5. limbic: emotional behavior related to survival/memory
36
Meninges
connective tissue coverings that protect the brain
37
Layers of the meninges | outermost to innermost
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid 3. pia mater
38
Dura mater
"tough mother" dense, irregular c.t. periosteal (most superficial) and meningeal
39
Extensions of the dura that help w/anchoring
1. falx cerebri - between hemispheres in long. fissure 2. falx cerebelli - between cerebellar hemispheres 3. tentorium cerebelli - in transverse fissure
40
Arachnoid
"spidery" gives rise to collagen and elastic c.t. subarachnoid space is filled with CSF
41
Pia mater
collagen and few elastic fibers adheres tightly to the brain surface thinnest layer
42
Cerebrospinal fluid
suspends the brain absorbs shock exchange of gases, nutrients, waste
43
Ependymal cells
within choroid plexuses | produce CSF
44
Path of CSF
1. lateral ventricles 2. interventricular foramen 3. third ventricle 4. cerebral aqueduct 5. fourth ventricle 6. lateral apertures, median aperture, or central canal 7. subarachnoid space 8. arachnoid granulations 9. dural venous sinuses
45
Blood brain barrier
continuous capillaries that have no clefts
46
spinal cord location
begins at foramen magnum (continuation of medulla) ends at L1 31 segments
47
Cauda equina
"horse tail" the inferior portion of nerves after the spinal cord ends
48
filum terminate
thin c.t. layer than anchors the spinal cord inferiorly
49
funiculi of the white matter
"columns" | dorsal, ventral, and lateral funiculi
50
ascending vs descending tracts
ascending are sensory = spinal cord to brain | descending are motor = brain to spinal cord
51
horns of the gray matter
ventral horn - skeletal motor neuron cell bodies lateral horn - smooth, cardiac, and gland motor neuron cell bodies dorsal horn - interneurons
52
1. ventral root 2. dorsal root 3. dorsal root ganglion
1. carries motor axons from CNS (efferent) 2. carries sensory axons into CNS (afferent) 3. sensory cell bodies
53
denticulate ligaments
lateral extensions of the pia mater in the spinal cord | suspend and anchor the spinal cord
54
Spinal cord functions
1. conduction pathway | 2. integration center (spinal reflexes and locomotion)
55
spinal reflexes
fast, automatic, predictable response to stimuli
56
locomotion
central pattern generators for coordinating repetitive muscle activity
57
integration pathway
1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron (posterior root, afferent) 3. integrating center (gray matter)/ 4. motor neuron (anterior root, efferent) 5. effector

Anatomy Lecture (14 decks)

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